Web scraping: Reliably and efficiently pull data from pages that don't expect it(pyvideo.org)
pyvideo.org
Web scraping: Reliably and efficiently pull data from pages that don't expect it
http://pyvideo.org/video/609/web-scraping-reliably-and-efficiently-pull-data
11 comments
My last web scraping activity consisted of using PhantomJS to drive and injecting my own javascript that submitted the pertinent data to my own web service. http://phantomjs.org/
Wow, I had used node+jsdom+jQuery to do scraping, which was a big step up from anything I had done previously. But after playing around with PhantomJS, I feel like I finally found the hammer in the toolbox after years of trying to pound nails in with duct-taped-together screwdrivers.
Check that.. I wanted to use js to submit to my own web service, but forgot about the cross-domain issues, so I just used console.log to output the data. I suppose I could have used the iframe querystring parameter trick.
"I suppose I could have used the iframe querystring parameter trick."
How's that work? Pass whatever data you want to process with your web service as URL parameters to the web service src URL of your iframe and it circumvents cross-site-scripting protections?
How's that work? Pass whatever data you want to process with your web service as URL parameters to the web service src URL of your iframe and it circumvents cross-site-scripting protections?
Hmmm, seems like something you could have worked around by running phantom.js against a proxy that intercepted and rerouted requests to the data collection server.
It's hella slow but there is always this:
https://github.com/sgentle/phantomjs-node
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We at Rewritely (http://www.rewritely.com) have quite some experience in dealing large scale content migration for clients (not just a single HTML page, but a whole site) mainly using scraping techniques.
We have seen so many invalid, funny, ugly markups and edge cases and eventually, we found out the only reliable parser is actually the "browser" you use everyday - which is heavily tested by hundreds of millions of users! We chose to run the scraper in a real browser so what you scrape is what you see, not to mention you can fire up events, Ajax requests, inject JavaScript or even play Flash video... they are possible only when you have a real browser.
Also, the scraper codes need to be concise and expressive (keys: maintainable & testable), because your codes are going to break sooner or later - if you are doing serious scraping business. Less LOC = more easy to change. JavaScript & jQuery are the obvious winners in this category and what is more, they are fun to work with.
Disclaimer: we have no relationship with PhantomJS :)
We have seen so many invalid, funny, ugly markups and edge cases and eventually, we found out the only reliable parser is actually the "browser" you use everyday - which is heavily tested by hundreds of millions of users! We chose to run the scraper in a real browser so what you scrape is what you see, not to mention you can fire up events, Ajax requests, inject JavaScript or even play Flash video... they are possible only when you have a real browser.
Also, the scraper codes need to be concise and expressive (keys: maintainable & testable), because your codes are going to break sooner or later - if you are doing serious scraping business. Less LOC = more easy to change. JavaScript & jQuery are the obvious winners in this category and what is more, they are fun to work with.
Disclaimer: we have no relationship with PhantomJS :)
Kind of surprised I haven't seen PyQuery in here yet: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyquery -- highly recommend. I've used it on several projects.
Recently I've been using this method to inject JQuery into pages that may not already have it available, then executing some custom javascript to extract the page contents:
http://www.guru.net.nz/blog/2009/06/screen-scraping-with-jqu...
http://www.guru.net.nz/blog/2009/06/screen-scraping-with-jqu...
https://scraperwiki.com/ is a great source of thousands of pre-written scrapers to use / copy / extend etc. It's sort of like github except you can actually schedule the scrapers to run at regular intervals, and then just access the scraped data over a standard API.
This one uses webdriver to get the full html from ajax pages: http://vancouverdata.blogspot.com/2012/02/less-painful-ajax-...
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Anyone recommend some equivalent tools for Ruby?
There is Mechanize (http://mechanize.rubyforge.org/) which uses Nokogiri (nokogiri.org/) internally and thus nicely supports CSS and XPATH expressions.
There is also Capybara, usually used as a testing framework, but you can easily navigate, chose a backend (Selenium/Webkit for compatibility, mechanize for speed): https://github.com/jnicklas/capybara
There is also Capybara, usually used as a testing framework, but you can easily navigate, chose a backend (Selenium/Webkit for compatibility, mechanize for speed): https://github.com/jnicklas/capybara
Also, tor + privoxy as a rule-of-thumb when your scraper IP is getting banned.
And - I know, it is (now) so old - memcached as a good place to store things.
And - I know, it is (now) so old - memcached as a good place to store things.
When your scraper IP is getting banned, that's typically a sign that you should stop, talk to the site owner, and/or reconsider what you're doing.
That's not always the case.
While government or private contractors do not allow to gather that data by any citizen (there are examples of cities allowing it), I find myself in the right to do so, and also, in the right to redistribute that data freely so other developers can play / investigate / learn with it.
Why? Well, for starters:
1) Their own apps suck (or are inexistent)
2) They don't want to help their own users.
3) It's fun
4) Their services are paid with public money.
5) It raises awareness on the need of public data legislation.
There's a lot more to talk on the subject.
If you want to check it, http://citybik.es
I am helping projects and visualizations like: http://bikes.oobrien.com/ or my own http://citybik.es/realtime/
While government or private contractors do not allow to gather that data by any citizen (there are examples of cities allowing it), I find myself in the right to do so, and also, in the right to redistribute that data freely so other developers can play / investigate / learn with it.
Why? Well, for starters:
1) Their own apps suck (or are inexistent)
2) They don't want to help their own users.
3) It's fun
4) Their services are paid with public money.
5) It raises awareness on the need of public data legislation.
There's a lot more to talk on the subject.
If you want to check it, http://citybik.es
I am helping projects and visualizations like: http://bikes.oobrien.com/ or my own http://citybik.es/realtime/
i found node.js is a phenomenal scraping tool. There's also a pretty simple / easy framework for these tasks called node.io (http://node.io/).
Being able to pop up a jsdom, and extract data from the page using jquery is a lot of fun.
Being able to pop up a jsdom, and extract data from the page using jquery is a lot of fun.
I've found jsdom to break for quite a bit of real-world crap HTML. Next time, I'm going to try driving phantom.js with node using https://github.com/sgentle/phantomjs-node
I've had pretty good luck with phantom.js, but it is somewhat difficult to debug.
I've had pretty good luck with phantom.js, but it is somewhat difficult to debug.
FYI, JSDOM isn't the default parser in node.io. It uses a faster and more forgiving parser if you can survive with a subset of jQuery functionality (https://github.com/chriso/node.io/wiki/API---CSS-Selectors-a...)
If the home site for a language or framework returns 404/500s, it's not professional quality.
I don't think that's quite fair. No server is 100% reliable, and that says nothing about the quality of the code of the project itself.
Let's not make excuses for them. I wouldn't say that it says "nothing" about the practices and priorities oriented around (and consequently through) the project, especially when the website apparently consists of a single small static HTML page.
It's a project created and maintained entirely in my free time. I provide free support when someone needs help and I fix bugs when someone files an issue. I've written documentation and a guide in the project's Github wiki. This is all done outside of full-time work. Forgive me if I don't spend more time improving the website and uptime when it's an endeavour that brings me no income whatsoever. You're the type of person that makes me hate open-source sometimes.
Don't have a cow, man, it's nothing personal.
What does open source have to do with the reason your site was down?
What does open source have to do with the reason your site was down?
>Don't have a cow, man, it's nothing personal.
I think that impugning the professionalism of someone's work because their project's home page was down once is pretty darned personal.
I think that impugning the professionalism of someone's work because their project's home page was down once is pretty darned personal.
I know nothing of anybody behind it, how could my intent possibly be personal?
That argument doesn't hold water. I don't know you, but if I say "From the looks of your page many9s.com , I'd say you're an amateur with no design sense", then I'm personally attacking you.
Right, because you're making it personal. How is it that you go from a simple webpage to a person's skills? I certainly didn't do that.
Obligatory link to your single page static HTML homepage for comparison: http://many9s.com/
Was it down when you visited it?
If it looks terrible, it's not professional quality. Right?
> I wouldn't say that it says "nothing" about the practices and priorities oriented around (and consequently through) the project, especially when the website apparently consists of a single small static HTML page.
It says nothing. All servers go down from time to time. This one was up when I went to it before, and it was up when I tried it again just now. You say it was down for you when you visited it. Fine. That happens sometimes.
It says nothing. All servers go down from time to time. This one was up when I went to it before, and it was up when I tried it again just now. You say it was down for you when you visited it. Fine. That happens sometimes.
My favorite language when it comes to scraping the web has always been Perl. With tools like LWP, Mechanize and Win32::Mechanize (OLE) scraping any site is a breeze. Unfortunately, I haven't seen many good modules on CPAN for DOM processing. Of course there is the Tokeparser and XPath but those generally don't work well with street-HTML (which most sites are) and are no-where near as fast or friendly as jQuery selectors. By the way, there is one module called pQuery which is Perl's port of jQuery but that only supports a handful of selectors and doesn't work with Mechanize.
If only there was a module in Perl which could marry Mechanize and jQuery (without using IE or OLE) it would make the best scraper in the world!
If only there was a module in Perl which could marry Mechanize and jQuery (without using IE or OLE) it would make the best scraper in the world!
Actually, libxml (lxml for Python) is very, very good at handling real-life HTML content.
I'm currently on a contract where I do a significant amount of ETL and web scraping as part of the project, and I almost exclusively use lxml and XPath for parsing real-world HTML.
XPath is, without a doubt, the best tool for DOM manipulation that I can think of. And that's just XPath 1.0 -- 2.0 is reputedly even better, but no 2.0 support is forthcoming for lxml as near as I can tell.
I'm currently on a contract where I do a significant amount of ETL and web scraping as part of the project, and I almost exclusively use lxml and XPath for parsing real-world HTML.
XPath is, without a doubt, the best tool for DOM manipulation that I can think of. And that's just XPath 1.0 -- 2.0 is reputedly even better, but no 2.0 support is forthcoming for lxml as near as I can tell.
Xpath is good when the content is well formed, but usually doesn't work well with even slightly messed up tags. Mojolicious supports broken content much better. And it has full css3 selector support, which we all know is hands down the best way to access Dom elements.
If you're in the .NET world, HtmlAgilityPack does a great job of producing proper XML from broken HTML. CSS selectors don't always suffice, particularly with sites that don't use CSS :) Sometimes you have sites where the best you can do is e.g. get the text of the 2nd h2 header following the span with text 'X'. With some utility functions I can just write:
In my experience the greater challenge with scraping lots of data is dealing with stuff like:
- cache disabled in response headers but you've scraped 10K pages and just discovered a page with e.g. a deformed href in an anchor (e.g. "<a href+'....'>"); after giving up trying to understand how the hell they managed that, it's not long before you're writing a crawl repository so you can selectively ignore the caching rules your proxy cache happily abides by so you can quickly restart your debug session for the next weird thing you discover (unfortunately the nature of the site has forced you to do in-memory preprocessing of 50K pages before you can do the real processing for the rest of the site because they have done some OTHER weird stuff)
- sites that treat EVERYTHING as dynamic content even though you could easily cache it... now you get to do the job of the webmaster because you have many data sources you're feeding from and don't want to hammer servers
- sites with bad links but no 404 responses (just redirects); easy to detect, but still a nuisance
- proper request throttling (i.e. throttling on the basis of requests serviced not merely requested)
- dynamically adjusting the above throttling, because sites can be weird :)
- efficiently issuing millions of requests/week to a bunch of sites and scraping data from the responses in custom formats for each site
result.ContentX = doc.Element("span").WithText("X:").FollowingText("h2", 2);
//span[text()='X:']/following-sibling::h2[2]
In my experience the greater challenge with scraping lots of data is dealing with stuff like:
- cache disabled in response headers but you've scraped 10K pages and just discovered a page with e.g. a deformed href in an anchor (e.g. "<a href+'....'>"); after giving up trying to understand how the hell they managed that, it's not long before you're writing a crawl repository so you can selectively ignore the caching rules your proxy cache happily abides by so you can quickly restart your debug session for the next weird thing you discover (unfortunately the nature of the site has forced you to do in-memory preprocessing of 50K pages before you can do the real processing for the rest of the site because they have done some OTHER weird stuff)
- sites that treat EVERYTHING as dynamic content even though you could easily cache it... now you get to do the job of the webmaster because you have many data sources you're feeding from and don't want to hammer servers
- sites with bad links but no 404 responses (just redirects); easy to detect, but still a nuisance
- proper request throttling (i.e. throttling on the basis of requests serviced not merely requested)
- dynamically adjusting the above throttling, because sites can be weird :)
- efficiently issuing millions of requests/week to a bunch of sites and scraping data from the responses in custom formats for each site
Indeed. And I would add
- site layout changing and breaking your scraping logic. I'm not sure how common this is today, but I was scraping hundreds of commerce sites in 2001, each having several (often 5 but sometimes 50) different product page layouts for different sections, each with its own field names, fields, and crazyness, for a total of a few thousand different "scraping logics" (each just 5-10 lines long, but each had to be individually maintained). Now, every day just two (out of a few thousands) broke, but to keep everything robust, you had to (a) be able to tell which one broke, and (b) fix it within a reasonable time frame. Neither of these is simple.
- sites that depend nontrivially on JavaScript. That gives you the choice of either (a) reverse engineering the javascript, and making your scraper figure out all the details the same way the javascript would, or (b) use something like phantomjs or e.g. a controlled IE session to let the javascript run and then take the data from the DOM. (a) is more efficient, more work but was (unexpectedly for me) much more stable. (b) is less work upfront, more maintenance, and a LOT more resource intensive.
- sites whose traffic management system you trip while scraping. Many will block you, some actively (with an error message, so you know what is happening), some will just keep you hanging or throttle you down to a few hundred bytes/second all of a sudden, with no explanation and no one to contact. Amazon contacted us when they figured we were scraping (we weren't hiding anything and doing it with a logged in user that had contact details), and were cool about it.
- sites that randomly break and stop in the middle of a page. Happens much more than you'd think; When using the site, you just reload or interact with a half-loaded page. You could, of course, still scrape a half-loaded page - but what if only 20/23 of the items you need are there? What if the site is stateful, and reloading that page would cause a state change you do not want?
- site layout changing and breaking your scraping logic. I'm not sure how common this is today, but I was scraping hundreds of commerce sites in 2001, each having several (often 5 but sometimes 50) different product page layouts for different sections, each with its own field names, fields, and crazyness, for a total of a few thousand different "scraping logics" (each just 5-10 lines long, but each had to be individually maintained). Now, every day just two (out of a few thousands) broke, but to keep everything robust, you had to (a) be able to tell which one broke, and (b) fix it within a reasonable time frame. Neither of these is simple.
- sites that depend nontrivially on JavaScript. That gives you the choice of either (a) reverse engineering the javascript, and making your scraper figure out all the details the same way the javascript would, or (b) use something like phantomjs or e.g. a controlled IE session to let the javascript run and then take the data from the DOM. (a) is more efficient, more work but was (unexpectedly for me) much more stable. (b) is less work upfront, more maintenance, and a LOT more resource intensive.
- sites whose traffic management system you trip while scraping. Many will block you, some actively (with an error message, so you know what is happening), some will just keep you hanging or throttle you down to a few hundred bytes/second all of a sudden, with no explanation and no one to contact. Amazon contacted us when they figured we were scraping (we weren't hiding anything and doing it with a logged in user that had contact details), and were cool about it.
- sites that randomly break and stop in the middle of a page. Happens much more than you'd think; When using the site, you just reload or interact with a half-loaded page. You could, of course, still scrape a half-loaded page - but what if only 20/23 of the items you need are there? What if the site is stateful, and reloading that page would cause a state change you do not want?
- cache disabled in response headers
FYI you can run a Squid cache which is configured to ignore all that stuff - see http://www.squid-cache.org/Doc/config/refresh_pattern/
FYI you can run a Squid cache which is configured to ignore all that stuff - see http://www.squid-cache.org/Doc/config/refresh_pattern/
Again, this is not true of lxml. XPath was made for structured data, but in lxml you can give it the HTMLParser factory and it will handle rubbish HTML just fine. I use lxml/XPath professionally to scrape economic data for an ibank, and you'd be surprised at the Microsoft Frontpage-type spaghetti HTML I parse with it -- and it all works great.
+1 for lxml and related features (XPath, Html Cleaner & Soup-parser).
beautifulsoup for Python is miraculous. It takes a different approach from lxml (http://lxml.de/elementsoup.html), so sometimes one or the other will work better depending on the input, but I don't know what I'd do without it.
Mojolicious is exactly what you are looking for. Lazy and forgiving DOM parser, and CSS3 selector built in. I've used it for scraping a couple of sites, after trying so many different libraries ranging from curl to asihttprequest for objc to mechanize for ruby, I don't see myself trying anything else now.
Mojolicious looks good. Though I've heard about it before I always thought of it as a MVC framework and never as a web scraper. Anyway, looking through the docs, I see that Mojo::DOM is what seems most useful. But does this integrate with Mechanize? Would I be able to fill/submit a form or is Mojolicious just for parsing only?
Regarding Perl DOM parsing, you might want to check out HTML::Query. Its selectors still fall short of jQuery but when I was evaluating it against pQuery it came out ahead (IIRC).
Web::Scraper is great. It supports CSS selectors and XPath expressions.
http://search.cpan.org/perldoc?Web::Scraper
http://search.cpan.org/perldoc?Web::Scraper