Overclocking SSL(imperialviolet.org)
imperialviolet.org
Overclocking SSL
http://www.imperialviolet.org/2010/06/25/overclocking-ssl.html
6 comments
I worked out a solution on solving exactly this problem in a browser setting
using Javascript. Before you jump on man-in-the-middle, DNS spoofing, code injection or cross domain security, please take a look at http://www.research.rutgers.edu/~ashwink/ajaxcrypt/ and let me know if you have
any comments!
" However, with a pure RSA ciphersuite, an attacker can record traffic, crack (or steal) your private key at will and decrypt the traffic retrospectively, so consider your needs."
Can somebody please explain what this means. Sounds bad!
Can somebody please explain what this means. Sounds bad!
thanks for the replies.
RSA ciphersuites involve the client generating a random session key, encrypting it using the server's public key and sending it to the server. The session key is then used to key the MAC and bulk cipher.
If an attacker records the traffic, then factors or steals the public key, they can decrypt the session key and read the traffic.
With ephemeral Diffie-Hellman, a random DH public value is generated for each connection and the server signs it with its public key. Each side then performs key agreement to generate the session key. Now, an attacker can solve the discreet logarithm and decrypt the traffic, but they have to break each connection separately.
The trick in the future is to perform Diffie-Hellman much faster (answer: write tuned code to work in an elliptic curve group) and then to perform EDH without the latency hit (longer term).
If an attacker records the traffic, then factors or steals the public key, they can decrypt the session key and read the traffic.
With ephemeral Diffie-Hellman, a random DH public value is generated for each connection and the server signs it with its public key. Each side then performs key agreement to generate the session key. Now, an attacker can solve the discreet logarithm and decrypt the traffic, but they have to break each connection separately.
The trick in the future is to perform Diffie-Hellman much faster (answer: write tuned code to work in an elliptic curve group) and then to perform EDH without the latency hit (longer term).
I am glad you mentioned (EC)DHE. The TLS snap start draft is quite discouraging against (EC)DHE ciphersuites because it says snap start doesn't work for (EC)DHE key exchange, and I got the impression that Google isn't interested in using (EC)DHE, despite its significant security advantages.
I think snap start would work for resuming connections that were originally started with (EC)DHE key exchange. And, with an optimal OCSP stapling + snap start configuration, the only types of handshakes that would be done would be full non-snap-start handshakes (with OCSP responses stapled to them) and snap start resuming handshakes. This leads me to believe that snap start only needs to be defined for the resuming case; if snap start full handshakes are happening then it means something needs to be improved w.r.t. OCSP response caching. I believe this would make snap start much simpler.
Coincidentally, I was just working on reducing memory consumption in NSS, probably very similar to the way that you reduced it in OpenSSL. I am curious as to why Google is doing its optimizations for servers using OpenSSL and for clients using NSS. What makes NSS less suitable for servers than OpenSSL?
I think snap start would work for resuming connections that were originally started with (EC)DHE key exchange. And, with an optimal OCSP stapling + snap start configuration, the only types of handshakes that would be done would be full non-snap-start handshakes (with OCSP responses stapled to them) and snap start resuming handshakes. This leads me to believe that snap start only needs to be defined for the resuming case; if snap start full handshakes are happening then it means something needs to be improved w.r.t. OCSP response caching. I believe this would make snap start much simpler.
Coincidentally, I was just working on reducing memory consumption in NSS, probably very similar to the way that you reduced it in OpenSSL. I am curious as to why Google is doing its optimizations for servers using OpenSSL and for clients using NSS. What makes NSS less suitable for servers than OpenSSL?
There are several aspects of the web's transport security ecosystem which need to be improved, and the addition of DHE is one of them.
The latency implications of DHE are a problem: it pretty much requires an extra round trip. As you mention, we could amortise that over several connections using resumption, and we might well do that. We can also do SSL connection pre-warming to get rid of the latency issues. We have lots of ideas, but not an army of people working on them I'm afraid :)
To answer your other question: our use of different SSL libraries on the client and server side are largely historical. Having said that, OpenSSL is easier to hack away on. Personally, I find that, at the small scale, NSS code is cleaner. However, on the larger scale OpenSSL wins. Once I get past the insane OpenSSL code style, I prefer hacking on OpenSSL.
The latency implications of DHE are a problem: it pretty much requires an extra round trip. As you mention, we could amortise that over several connections using resumption, and we might well do that. We can also do SSL connection pre-warming to get rid of the latency issues. We have lots of ideas, but not an army of people working on them I'm afraid :)
To answer your other question: our use of different SSL libraries on the client and server side are largely historical. Having said that, OpenSSL is easier to hack away on. Personally, I find that, at the small scale, NSS code is cleaner. However, on the larger scale OpenSSL wins. Once I get past the insane OpenSSL code style, I prefer hacking on OpenSSL.
Just to add to what agl said:
With RSA key exchange, if somebody ever gets your RSA private key, they can decrypt all past and future traffic that was protected with that key. With ephemeral Diffie-Hellman key exchange, even with the RSA private key, they cannot decrypt that past and future traffic, because each session has its own unique encryption keys that are independent of the RSA keys. They can only impersonate you to intercept future traffic, and only if they set up a MITM attack, but that kind of active attack is MUCH harder to execute (especially undetected) than the passive attacks that RSA key exchange allows. And, again, it doesn't allow them to decrypt past traffic at all.
This advantage of ephemeral key exchange is called "perfect forward secrecy."
For example, let's say you are a dictator and you want to decrypt some encrypted GMail sessions you suspect were done by dissidents in your country last month. If those sessions were done with RSA key exchange, you could steal the RSA private key from Google today (admittedly a very difficult task) and then decrypt those past sessions. If (EC)DHE key exchange was used, it would be practically impossible (no exaggeration) to ever decrypt them.
With RSA key exchange, if somebody ever gets your RSA private key, they can decrypt all past and future traffic that was protected with that key. With ephemeral Diffie-Hellman key exchange, even with the RSA private key, they cannot decrypt that past and future traffic, because each session has its own unique encryption keys that are independent of the RSA keys. They can only impersonate you to intercept future traffic, and only if they set up a MITM attack, but that kind of active attack is MUCH harder to execute (especially undetected) than the passive attacks that RSA key exchange allows. And, again, it doesn't allow them to decrypt past traffic at all.
This advantage of ephemeral key exchange is called "perfect forward secrecy."
For example, let's say you are a dictator and you want to decrypt some encrypted GMail sessions you suspect were done by dissidents in your country last month. If those sessions were done with RSA key exchange, you could steal the RSA private key from Google today (admittedly a very difficult task) and then decrypt those past sessions. If (EC)DHE key exchange was used, it would be practically impossible (no exaggeration) to ever decrypt them.
I'm curious why they recommend against 4096-bit certs; they say they mentioned it, but I must have missed it... Is it just because it will make the size of the certificate bigger?
They specifically mention that the certificate size (and that of intermediates, among other things) impacts the message size and thus the TCP packet sizes used during handshakes. They actually explain all of this quite well, just read the entire article [specifically the "Certificates" section].
Bigger numbers take much longer to crunch.
If you can afford 4096-bit certs, or you need them, then you should use them. However, on my laptop, I can only handle 34 connections/second/core with a 4096-bit cert. Such performance is likely to be unacceptable for many uses.
Great read. Don't miss the last section, in which Google talks about the things they've been doing in Chrome and Android to make SSL seedier, especially in Google apps. In case anyone was wondering why Google made a browser...
The author mentioned encrypted Google search - I haven't heard of it before:
https://encrypted.google.com/
https://encrypted.google.com/
So what they're really saying is "Yes you should enable HTTPS provided you check all sorts of things and understand all sorts of complicated stuff".
Speaking for those of us living with long-latency links to the US (South Africa), unnecessary HTTPS on websites is a major PITA.
Speaking for those of us living with long-latency links to the US (South Africa), unnecessary HTTPS on websites is a major PITA.