* causation
* hierarchy
* chunking
* association
* ordering
Complexity in general is managed using all the tools of analysis: * drawing distinctions
* drawing similarities
* making definitions
* transforming concepts using other concepts
And this is all off the top of my head. It's been years since I took psychology of memory and philosophy of mind. But suffice to say your "top engineer" commenting on stuff outside his specialty and using the stupidity of undergrads to bolster his amateur argument is not convincing and is a pure expression of bathos.
You think Germany is an Orwellian state--you have about as much credibility as Alex Jones.