"God's Number" is 20 - Rubik's cube has been "solved"(cube20.org)
cube20.org
"God's Number" is 20 - Rubik's cube has been "solved"
http://www.cube20.org/
9 comments
This, and P ne NP on the same day - clearly I can resign my post at the patent office now; everything has already been solved.
Perhaps somebody can still come up with an improvement on the 1-click checkout of Amazon?
0-click. They decide what I want, send it to me, and then bill me. Pay me.
With Amazon recommendations this could go badly wrong.
'People who previously bought books, also bought books. We sent you our entire fracking catalogue'
'People who previously bought books, also bought books. We sent you our entire fracking catalogue'
If shipment cost is reasonably low, just deliver predetermined items (e.g. those recommended by Amazon) to customers, have them pay for what they consumed and return the rest.
Or, if storage cost at customers is low and items do not perish, leave the items they didn't consume at their site. Later they may find them useful and pay for them. This is actually the model employed by some of medical drug resellers in Japan.
Or, if storage cost at customers is low and items do not perish, leave the items they didn't consume at their site. Later they may find them useful and pay for them. This is actually the model employed by some of medical drug resellers in Japan.
Isn't this what record and bookclubs were? (are? I haven't seen hide nor hair of one of those in a long time)
0-click. To buy an item, just press the "b" or space key, rather than having to move the mouse to a certain small button and having to click on it.
Well there you go, I think we're all done here now.
I see that cube21.org also resolves to the same site, so I guessed they hedged their bets.
As an amateur speedcuber, I am impressed. Currently I probably use around 100 moves, but my technique is obviously flawed.
Now you have conclusive proof that you are, indeed, not God.
He took 5 times the number of steps taken by God. So I propose, a new metric, god index, as the inverse of the number of times of the steps he takes, to the one god would.
His godly index: 20%
His godly index: 20%
I am curious, what is so appealing about the speedcubing hobby? Doesn't it become boring and repetitive after some time?
Many speedcubers hit a plateau after a number of years and get bored, true, but it's a deep subject. Every solve is different and there is endless opprotunity for optimization and improvisation. And the physical dexterity aspect just adds to the fun. It would get boring only if you never improved or learned anything new. Definitely more satisfying than Sudoku or Solitaire.
If you find Sudoku boring you just need to add more constraints. For example, try solving one by considering some ordering on the entries (say, Left-to-Right then Top-to-Bottom) and only allow yourself to fill in entries in that order... then time yourself!
Sudoku is very boring. If I wanted to spend my time solving small value NP-complete problems I might as well go out and solve TSPs over and over again.
It's the perfect thing to do while you're watching videos or listening to podcasts.
I can't really watch anything or listen to a podcast at the same time that I'm coding. But there is still stuff I really want to watch. This week in startups and some Mixergy shows etc.
But only sitting there watching videos can be very boring, so it's good to have something to do with your hands.
Also. There are so many formulas, techniques, etc. You gradually gain a greater understanding of how the cube works, etc.
I recommend it. Great hobby. But don't be one of those losers that tries to impress a whole party by solving one, it's really lame to cubists.
I can't really watch anything or listen to a podcast at the same time that I'm coding. But there is still stuff I really want to watch. This week in startups and some Mixergy shows etc.
But only sitting there watching videos can be very boring, so it's good to have something to do with your hands.
Also. There are so many formulas, techniques, etc. You gradually gain a greater understanding of how the cube works, etc.
I recommend it. Great hobby. But don't be one of those losers that tries to impress a whole party by solving one, it's really lame to cubists.
I always wonder what people do while listening to my interviews. Cool.
yes, and they are awesome, Andrew. Keep up the good work!
A good friend of mine hangs out with the 7x7 cube champion of the United States. He plays with various different kinds of Rubik's cubes, and from what I gather cubing can also get rather addicting.
Beating the record (your own or other's) I guess. Canabalt is even more boring and repetitive, but still addictive.
I saw a guy solving a cube with only one hand, thus freeing the other hand to do the same thing, more or less.
So, your godly index is 0.2 :)
PS: Same here.
PS: Same here.
So, they've brute forced the problem and they now know that there are no positions that need more than 20 moves, but that does not get you closer to developing an algorithm giving you those 20 moves (edit: or however many that configuration takes).
Is there any progress on the algorithmic front?
Is there any progress on the algorithmic front?
I think you're confused -- they went the other way around, using the algorithm to find the optimal number.
Search techniques that can quickly solve any cube with a small (near-optimal) number of moves have been known for a while, mainly due to the work of Kociemba: http://www.jaapsch.net/puzzles/compcube.htm#kocal The techniques used are standard AI tree/graph search algorithms with lots of Rubik's cube-specific optimizations.
A few years ago, these methods became good enough to solve almost any cube quickly within 20 moves (which was conjectured to be God's number.) So the algorithm as well as a fast implementation already existed. Here's Kociemba's page http://kociemba.org/cube.htm and here's an iPhone app with a neat twist: you can photograph your physical cube to solve it http://www.wired.com/epicenter/2009/01/iphone-app-solv/
What these guys did was to make further optimizations and run it on a cluster to search through all possible position sets. As they say, they can solve about 4000 positions/s (in 20 moves or less) on a single machine.
Search techniques that can quickly solve any cube with a small (near-optimal) number of moves have been known for a while, mainly due to the work of Kociemba: http://www.jaapsch.net/puzzles/compcube.htm#kocal The techniques used are standard AI tree/graph search algorithms with lots of Rubik's cube-specific optimizations.
A few years ago, these methods became good enough to solve almost any cube quickly within 20 moves (which was conjectured to be God's number.) So the algorithm as well as a fast implementation already existed. Here's Kociemba's page http://kociemba.org/cube.htm and here's an iPhone app with a neat twist: you can photograph your physical cube to solve it http://www.wired.com/epicenter/2009/01/iphone-app-solv/
What these guys did was to make further optimizations and run it on a cluster to search through all possible position sets. As they say, they can solve about 4000 positions/s (in 20 moves or less) on a single machine.
I re-read the whole article once more, and I think I may be not as confused as you make it out to be.
They explicitly state that they did not generate the optimal number of moves for each of those inputs, only a number <= 20.
So, the question is, does a god-algorithm exist or does it not, and how will this help in finding such an algorithm?
They explicitly state that they did not generate the optimal number of moves for each of those inputs, only a number <= 20.
So, the question is, does a god-algorithm exist or does it not, and how will this help in finding such an algorithm?
Your original question was whether they have an algorithm to solve in <= 20 moves or not. I answered that.
Now you changed your question to whether they can solve each position optimally or not. Fine.
Why don't you re-read the article once again? They state that they can solve random positions optimally at the rate of 0.36/sec, in the same table where they say 3,900/sec for solving it in 20 moves or less.
Now you changed your question to whether they can solve each position optimally or not. Fine.
Why don't you re-read the article once again? They state that they can solve random positions optimally at the rate of 0.36/sec, in the same table where they say 3,900/sec for solving it in 20 moves or less.
I clarified my question because I think that it wasn't clearly stated, and I marked my edit to make sure that it was clear that I did so (unlike others here).
As for the re-reading, they don't solve the positions optimally, they brute force them so they're not in the possession of a god algorithm as far as I can see, they're using a highly optimized search strategy and that's a different beast.
A 'god' algorithm would take the faces as an input and would produce the minimal number of moves without a search component. So each configuration would be processed to give you the next without evaluation of 'wrong' moves or back-tracking.
That would be the 'god' algorithm. Anything else is (highly) optimized search.
As for the re-reading, they don't solve the positions optimally, they brute force them so they're not in the possession of a god algorithm as far as I can see, they're using a highly optimized search strategy and that's a different beast.
A 'god' algorithm would take the faces as an input and would produce the minimal number of moves without a search component. So each configuration would be processed to give you the next without evaluation of 'wrong' moves or back-tracking.
That would be the 'god' algorithm. Anything else is (highly) optimized search.
They seem to have two different algorithms. One is given a position and it gives you the optimal solution, the fewest moves to solve that position. This is the God Algorithm. And a different, much faster, algorithm that given a position finds a solution with 20 moves or less - lets call it a Mortal Algorithm. (It does not always give you the optimal solution, with the fewest moves, just one with 20 moves or less.) My understanding is that they have just run the Mortal Algorithm against every position to prove that it can solve every position in 20 moves or less. Their God Algorithm is much too slow to run against every position.
According to Wikipedia a God Algorithm only has to be 'practical', find the optimal solution to a position with a sensible amount of processing. So it can use search and back-tracking. We could term your algorithm that works without search and back-tracking as a God God Algorithm because it is an optimal sequence of processor moves that find the optimal sequence of cube moves. A God God Algorithm would be awesome, but a much more difficult thing to create. I imagine it would run orders of magnitude faster than their God Algorithm.
(PS. I don't think we can entirely rule out the possibility that the God God Algorithm might contain some small amount of search or back-tracking.)
According to Wikipedia a God Algorithm only has to be 'practical', find the optimal solution to a position with a sensible amount of processing. So it can use search and back-tracking. We could term your algorithm that works without search and back-tracking as a God God Algorithm because it is an optimal sequence of processor moves that find the optimal sequence of cube moves. A God God Algorithm would be awesome, but a much more difficult thing to create. I imagine it would run orders of magnitude faster than their God Algorithm.
(PS. I don't think we can entirely rule out the possibility that the God God Algorithm might contain some small amount of search or back-tracking.)
Ok, that sounds like a sensible summary of the positions.
If I understand you correctly a god algorithm is allowed to produce the required result using whatever strategy, including partial brute forcing/searching, backtracking in order to arrive at its solution as long as it does so in a reasonable time, so is not 'brute force' per se.
The reason why that didn't sit right with me (I accept your wikipedia quote as what construes a god algorithm) is that for me the 'god' algorithm would imply there is no better one, since with omniscience you don't need to make any false moves and I could not imagine a true god algorithm would be allowed to make false moves.
But I guess I was wrong there.
Thanks for digging that up!
If I understand you correctly a god algorithm is allowed to produce the required result using whatever strategy, including partial brute forcing/searching, backtracking in order to arrive at its solution as long as it does so in a reasonable time, so is not 'brute force' per se.
The reason why that didn't sit right with me (I accept your wikipedia quote as what construes a god algorithm) is that for me the 'god' algorithm would imply there is no better one, since with omniscience you don't need to make any false moves and I could not imagine a true god algorithm would be allowed to make false moves.
But I guess I was wrong there.
Thanks for digging that up!
So you're looking for an algorithm that produces the optimal result heuristically, without making any false moves, instead of using the convenient lookup table that God has available to him? Sounds very NP to me.
I can give you a God algorithm that consists of a huge lookup table.
jacquesm said:
They explicitly state that they did not generate the
optimal number of moves
They state that they can solve random positions optimally
"can" is conditional, so the two statements do not contradict. They can solve random positions optimally at 0.36 positions per second. But their goal was to lower the upper bound on God's number to 20, not to find all the optimal solutions. So what they did do, for all starting positions, was find good solutions, which they can solve at a rate of 3,900 positions per second.
True, they indeed do not contradict each other. I hadn't yet heard that there actually was an algorithm that could find optimal solutions, but I admit it's been a long time since I was interested in the issue.
Because of the time difference between generation a solution and generating the optimal solution, I'm guessing the algorithm bruteforces the optimal solutions, which explains part of the confusion: I was thinking about an algorithm that generates the optimal solution directly.
Because of the time difference between generation a solution and generating the optimal solution, I'm guessing the algorithm bruteforces the optimal solutions, which explains part of the confusion: I was thinking about an algorithm that generates the optimal solution directly.
I have the feeling you're not a programmer. An algorithm that generates the optimal solution for a given configuration is trivial. Do a breadth-first search of the results of each move until you get to a solved cube. Ta da, you're done!
Now, if you want to do it fast, that's a different story.
Now, if you want to do it fast, that's a different story.
An algorithm that could find the optimal solution in practice. For instance, in 0.36s, as in the article. A theoretical algorithm that finds the optimal solution is trivial; you don't need to be a programmer to come up with that one.
As far as I can tell, this is simply a (or more appropriately, The) re-discovery of the upper bound on Kociemba's algorithm. The authors apparently did not search for optimal solutions (which is not strictly necessary anyway since we have a lower bound), which you can assume it's equivalent to stopping Kociemba's algorithm when a solution of less than 21 steps is found, for all intents and purposes.
Discovery, not re-discovery. The upper bound of 20 (that no position takes more than 20 moves) was not known earlier.
True. I was referring to the cumulative effort since Reid proved that the upper bound of Kociemba's algorithm is 29 moves. I apologize for any misunderstandings, but I cannot edit that post now.
I'll make an educated guess... the advancement is knowing that if you make a machine that can bruteforce 6 sides x 2 turn directions, you can stop searching once a 20th movement is not enough to get the cube solved, and in the worst scenario, you will check ( 6 x 2 )^20 movements in total. I think that scores as test cases :P
Any guesses of how much this would cost to do on EC2?
With some handwaving it could be about $82.5K (computation spread over 1 year) or $125K (computation done in 1 month).
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Edit: It could be actually a bit more, Nehalems seem to be faster than my first estimate.
Plugging in EC2 computing unit comparison from Cluster Compute instance (which has 2x quadcore Nehalem), 1 Google unit can be 16.75 EC2 units.
This gives:
Edit2: Dedicated server hosting would be much cheaper. For example, from Hetzner [2] it would cost just about 26K EUR (= $34K) to rent 35 dedicated quadcore Nehalem servers for 1 year.
[2] http://www.hetzner.de/en/hosting/produktmatrix/rootserver-pr...
total cost was 35 CPU years (Intel Nehalem, 4-core, 2.8GHz)
1 EC2 compute unit is about 1 GHz Xeon
let's assume 1 Google unit = 12 EC2 units (3x4 cores)
High-CPU Extra Large instance = 20 EC2 units
35*12 = 420 EC2 unit years = 5040 EC2 unit months
= 21 HiCPU XL instances for 1 year
= 252 HiCPU XL instances for 1 month
$82,491.36 (21 HiCPU XL reserved instances for 1 year)
$125,435.52 (252 HiCPU XL on-demand instances for 1 month)
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Edit: It could be actually a bit more, Nehalems seem to be faster than my first estimate.
Plugging in EC2 computing unit comparison from Cluster Compute instance (which has 2x quadcore Nehalem), 1 Google unit can be 16.75 EC2 units.
This gives:
$114K for 1 year of 29 reserved HiCPU XL instances
$166K for 1 year of 18 reserved cluster compute instances
$173K for 1 month of 348 on-demand HiCPU XL instances
$246K for 1 month of 210 on-demand cluster compute instances
Edit2: Dedicated server hosting would be much cheaper. For example, from Hetzner [2] it would cost just about 26K EUR (= $34K) to rent 35 dedicated quadcore Nehalem servers for 1 year.
[2] http://www.hetzner.de/en/hosting/produktmatrix/rootserver-pr...
Roughly $43000, using spot-instances.
Back of the envelope... From the link, it would take
Normal instances
Back of the envelope... From the link, it would take
1.1 billion seconds @ 4x 2.8ghz
= 4.4 billion @ 2.8 Ghz
= 12.32 billion seconds @ 1 Ghz = ~3430000 hours
Normal instances
instance-size|ec2units | $/hr | $ total
sm | 1 | 0.085 | 291550
large | 4 | 0.34 | 291550
xl | 8 | 0.50 | 214375
himem-xl | 6.5 | 0.69 | 364108
himem-double-xl | 13 | 1.20 | 316615
himem-quad | 26 | 2.40 | 316615
hicpu-med | 5 | 0.17 | 116620
hicpu-xl | 20 | 0.68 | 116620
cluster | 33.5 | 1.60 | 163821
Using spot instances
sm | 1 | 0.031 | 106330
large | 4 | 0.14 | 120050
xl | 8 | 0.245 | 105044
himem-xl | 6.5 | 0.172 | 90763.1
himem-double-xl | 13 | 0.427 | 112662
himem-quad | 26 | 0.871 | 114905
hicpu-med | 5 | 0.06 | 41160
hicpu-xl | 20 | 0.249 | 42703.5> With about 35 CPU-years of idle computer time donated by Google, a team of researchers has essentially solved every position of the Rubik's Cube™,
This is the wrong time to use the adverb "essentially". You either solved every position or you didn't.
This is the wrong time to use the adverb "essentially". You either solved every position or you didn't.
I'd agree with you had they used a weasel-word like "virtually", but "essentially" seems appropriate in this case:
adverb: used to emphasize the basic, fundamental, or intrinsic nature of a person, thing, or situation
If you didn't actually iterate through every position - but rather a subset that provided equivalent coverage by eliminating symmetries - then you have, in essence, solved every position.
adverb: used to emphasize the basic, fundamental, or intrinsic nature of a person, thing, or situation
If you didn't actually iterate through every position - but rather a subset that provided equivalent coverage by eliminating symmetries - then you have, in essence, solved every position.
Fair enough. I was in a rush so I didn't read the whole page. Considering their approach, essentially is appropriate.
Well they didn't actually "solve" every position, they just found a solution under 20 moves for every position.
They didn't optimally solve every position, but they did solve every position.
This is cool and all, but couldn't that computing power have gone to greater use? There is a ton of medical research going on that could have been helped by Google's donation.
Somewhat off point, but the site cube20.org kills Firefox but views OK in Chrome. Firefox reports a seg-fault somewhere.
Also proves that all possible cubes are reachable, since they can all be solved.
Hmm... I'm sure someone with more experience will chime in, but I recall reading in a Scientific American years ago that removing a particular piece from the cube then reinserting it wrong could yield a non-solvable configuration.
So I think your statement is only true if you define 'possible' and 'reachable' as synonymous, making it tautological. There are still 'cubes' that look plausible, with the right number of faces of each color and adjacent-faced-pieces, that are still unsolvable.
So I think your statement is only true if you define 'possible' and 'reachable' as synonymous, making it tautological. There are still 'cubes' that look plausible, with the right number of faces of each color and adjacent-faced-pieces, that are still unsolvable.
If you disassemble your cube and put it back together, there are 12 possible sets that you can land in. Those sets are not reachable from each other.
The proof is quite elementary.
The proof is quite elementary.