When can a comma cost you $2 million?(chaosscenario.com)
chaosscenario.com
When can a comma cost you $2 million?
http://www.chaosscenario.com/main/2010/01/when-can-a-comma-cost-you-2-million.html
4 comments
What a pain. Speaking as a former attorney, these situations piss me off. English prose really isn't equipped to handle long conditions, exceptions and such. What's important in a contract is that it unambiguously captures the intent of both parties. Formulas, diagrams really should be used more often. We're not on typewriters anymore - Word can handle graphics. If you've ever seen a complex mathematical formula written out in legal prose, you'll know what I'm talking about. End rant.
Good points. As a layman, I wonder, do courts demand that all of a contract's substance be in prose, or is it okay for two parties to agree to a contract that's partly in, say, diagram form?
The terms of a contract can be evidenced by anything that shows a meeting of the minds, including the actions of the parties in implementing the contractual terms (so-called "course of performance").
There is no doubt that diagrams can be used in contracts and frequently are. Though a diagram would not stand alone, it would constitute strong or even conclusive evidence of the meaning of the prose part of a written contract (or the meaning of words exchanged by parties in the case of a verbal contract).
Bottom line: a meeting of the minds always has reference to some context and all of that context can be relevant to determining meaning - if a diagram helps show the context in which parties are agreeing to something, it can and should be used to add clarity to a contract.
There is no doubt that diagrams can be used in contracts and frequently are. Though a diagram would not stand alone, it would constitute strong or even conclusive evidence of the meaning of the prose part of a written contract (or the meaning of words exchanged by parties in the case of a verbal contract).
Bottom line: a meeting of the minds always has reference to some context and all of that context can be relevant to determining meaning - if a diagram helps show the context in which parties are agreeing to something, it can and should be used to add clarity to a contract.
Sounds like it's time to write contacts in C :)
I wonder how that would work in court?
I wonder how that would work in court?
Somehow, when someone says 'unambiguous', C is the last language I can think of. I would sooner think of something more mathematically 'pure', or just reader-friendly, since the goal is expressing meaning, not actually running the contract... (I hope)
I suspect getting it to fly would be the biggest challenge, though, since our legal system is very much bound up in tradition and precedents.
I suspect getting it to fly would be the biggest challenge, though, since our legal system is very much bound up in tradition and precedents.
What's really needed is a language specifically written for the job. C was built for writing system software. English was built for writing poetry. Neither are ideal for precisely specifying the terms of a contract.
Maybe if Lessig got together with a few linguists and information architects...
Maybe if Lessig got together with a few linguists and information architects...
Something a bit like Prolog might do the job. There would also have to be terminal predicates coded in English. So theft (in English law defined as: "dishonestly appropriat[ing] property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it") might be:
(define ([Person]X is-thief of: [Property]P belonging-to: [Person]Y)
(and
(X appropriates P)
(X != Y)
(X intends
((Time>now) implies not (Y has P)))
(dishonestly)))
(define dishonestly
"this is purposely left undefined in the law")
(define ([Person]X appropriates [Property]P)
"X does some action causing him to have control over P")
I remember reading some sci-fi involving a treaty so complicated it had to be machine-verified.
Too bad about that Gödel guy, though.
Too bad about that Gödel guy, though.
I actually was thinking that the goal is running the contact. Not the whole thing maybe, but any complex parts.
When dealing with contracts I've often reflected on the parallels between lawyers and programmers. Both attempt to craft their writing such that it's interpreted the intended way. Both try to anticipate changing environmental conditions and account for them. Both find their argot inscrutable to outsiders. And both can be torpedoed by a missing comma.
Maybe there could be something akin to a programming language for contracts, and also for statute law.
Why do lawyers so often insist on writing giant running sentences with unclear referents? Engineering practice is to chop sentences up into clear, concise chunks. A sentence like that one in a technical spec would have likely have failed review on the basis of complexity without bothering to understand it.
The introduction is a nice piece of trivia. However, it bears almost no relation to the message that the story is supposed to convey.
("Legal support f-ed up reading a contract" versus "being careful about designing a UI")
Isn't there some rule, that if there is a dispute in the contract, whoever wrote it gets the "less beneficial" interpretation?
Yes, in the case of ambiguity in meaning, the rule (when applied) states that such ambiguities are construed against the drafting party.
I would think that if the prices are not set in the contract, and the prices are subsequently raised each year, then you're changing the terms of the contract.
IANAL, but I would think that that entitles you to get out of the contract.
The law sometimes gives a contracting party a way out by allowing you to admit evidence in a dispute over what the parties truly intended if the language reads ambiguously, assuming the language is merely ambiguous and not plainly and incontrovertibly against you. But, trying to salvage a contract in this way is like playing out a desperate last act because, by the time you reach that stage, you will already have a losing situation on your hands. Even if you win such a dispute, by the time it reaches litigation, you likely will have already lost economically on the deal in most cases.
The lesson here is not necessarily, "always use a lawyer" (though you should if you have a lot at stake in a particular contract) but rather, "read your contracts carefully and literally before signing." A good lawyer will do this, as will a seasoned executive or contracts manager (or founder, for that matter) who is experienced in dealing with contractual issues or who otherwise has a knack for this sort of this (some founders do have such a knack, most don't). Never simply assume that the language is what it appears to be at first glance.