What do dynamic linking and communism have in common?(blogs.sun.com)
blogs.sun.com
What do dynamic linking and communism have in common?
http://blogs.sun.com/rvs/entry/what_does_dynamic_linking_and
12 comments
Yes the analogy is dumb. Also unregulated capitalism is just as bad as pure communism. Just as that one eastern country with a communist government had to loosen it's economy, that one western country (which is doing better than that one eastern country) had to restrict some of it's capitalism.
I used to think that too, but the data seems to show that more economic freedom (unregulated capitalism) the better off the people are (per capita GDP, etc)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GM_-_Countries_by_Eco...
http://images.absoluteastronomy.com/images/encyclopediaimage...
If unregulated capitalism was just as bad as communism you'd expect this chart to have a bell curve type shape, rather than it's upward curve: http://www.investmentu.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/200601...
You can explore the relative economic freedoms of each country here: notice that the US is only the #6 free-est economy in the world): http://www.heritage.org/Index/Ranking.aspx
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GM_-_Countries_by_Eco...
http://images.absoluteastronomy.com/images/encyclopediaimage...
If unregulated capitalism was just as bad as communism you'd expect this chart to have a bell curve type shape, rather than it's upward curve: http://www.investmentu.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/200601...
You can explore the relative economic freedoms of each country here: notice that the US is only the #6 free-est economy in the world): http://www.heritage.org/Index/Ranking.aspx
What about the days when we let monopolies roam free??? Perhaps the data only indicates that the equilibrium is shifted a little more towards the capitalism side?
I don't understand how your second link argues that less gov control means higher standards.
I think what we see in the world right now is that there are many more 3rd world countries with ineffective governments and less economic freedom than there are countries who are doing well enough to have an economy to not regulate. So in other words it's much harder for a country to go from poor, low economic freedom to prosperous than it is for a country that already has a strong unregulated economy to adopt some regulation and go to prosperous.
http://www.investmentu.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/200601... The graph there probably doesn't exhibit a bell curve because as soon as a country leads too far right towards pure economic freedom, it jumps back really fast. And I think enough time has passed that all the most developed countries have hit that mark and popped back left a little.
Also I think you should consider the size of countries like Hong Kong and Singapore, since different principles probably govern economies of different sizes.
Can you name me one 1st world country without economic regulations? I think this is evidence enough that there must be some slope leading down to the state of America in the early 90s, even if that slope is almost vertical.
I don't understand how your second link argues that less gov control means higher standards.
I think what we see in the world right now is that there are many more 3rd world countries with ineffective governments and less economic freedom than there are countries who are doing well enough to have an economy to not regulate. So in other words it's much harder for a country to go from poor, low economic freedom to prosperous than it is for a country that already has a strong unregulated economy to adopt some regulation and go to prosperous.
http://www.investmentu.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/200601... The graph there probably doesn't exhibit a bell curve because as soon as a country leads too far right towards pure economic freedom, it jumps back really fast. And I think enough time has passed that all the most developed countries have hit that mark and popped back left a little.
Also I think you should consider the size of countries like Hong Kong and Singapore, since different principles probably govern economies of different sizes.
Can you name me one 1st world country without economic regulations? I think this is evidence enough that there must be some slope leading down to the state of America in the early 90s, even if that slope is almost vertical.
> I don't understand how your second link argues that less gov control means higher standards.
It's missing it's legend unfortunately. Red means economically unfree and green means economically free.
> as soon as a country leads too far right towards pure economic freedom, it jumps back really fast.
I'm not aware of Hong Kong or Singapore (as the 2 leaders of economic freedom) historically jumping sharply away from economic freedom. The UK and the US slowly moved away from it in the early to mid 20th century, then moved back towards it since the 1980s.
Also don't confuse "the right" with economic freedom. Some of the right tends to support economic freedom to a degree these days, but that hasn't always been the case.
> Can you name me one 1st world country without economic regulations?
There's no countries anywhere without economic regulations, but with the data available it appears that the less economic regulations the better the outcome for people in that society.
It's missing it's legend unfortunately. Red means economically unfree and green means economically free.
> as soon as a country leads too far right towards pure economic freedom, it jumps back really fast.
I'm not aware of Hong Kong or Singapore (as the 2 leaders of economic freedom) historically jumping sharply away from economic freedom. The UK and the US slowly moved away from it in the early to mid 20th century, then moved back towards it since the 1980s.
Also don't confuse "the right" with economic freedom. Some of the right tends to support economic freedom to a degree these days, but that hasn't always been the case.
> Can you name me one 1st world country without economic regulations?
There's no countries anywhere without economic regulations, but with the data available it appears that the less economic regulations the better the outcome for people in that society.
It does not have to be a sharp jump, and as I pointed out previously, the jump from pure capitalism to ideal economy (equilibrium) may not even be a large one at all.
When I said right and left, I meant literally the right and left of that chart.
My point was that both pure capitalism and pure communism dont't work, and that a balance must be struck between the two. The graph may not resemble a bell curve, but I'm sayig that it should. I explained previous why current data may not show a bell curve and it's that the data set is too small. The fact that trends show That more economic freedom leads to better life simply means that more countries are on the right side of the economic spectrum (more regulation) moving left than there are left moving right, and I explained the possible cause to this too (remember a country had to be more developed in order to even have an economy worth regulating, so more developed countries were closer to the perfect balance already). I'd also like to add that if equilibrium is indeed closer to the capitalism side, it too would explain why the data shows more economic freedom=better life. And this is because given equal distribution across the spectrum among countries, you would see more moving left to right if equilibrium is towards the right. But I already suggested that less developed countries tend to be less economically free, which means more of those countries start on the left in our current times. Now i'm not saying that civilizations start out with regulations and moves towards the right, simply that current data shows less developed countries with less economic freedom (according to your data, if true). As for civilizations I believe the position on the continuum oscillates left to right as the civilization advances until it settles towards equilibrium.
In the end you cannot claim the data shows an unregulated economy to be better than a completely regulated one. They both suck. :) Thanks, Chris
When I said right and left, I meant literally the right and left of that chart.
My point was that both pure capitalism and pure communism dont't work, and that a balance must be struck between the two. The graph may not resemble a bell curve, but I'm sayig that it should. I explained previous why current data may not show a bell curve and it's that the data set is too small. The fact that trends show That more economic freedom leads to better life simply means that more countries are on the right side of the economic spectrum (more regulation) moving left than there are left moving right, and I explained the possible cause to this too (remember a country had to be more developed in order to even have an economy worth regulating, so more developed countries were closer to the perfect balance already). I'd also like to add that if equilibrium is indeed closer to the capitalism side, it too would explain why the data shows more economic freedom=better life. And this is because given equal distribution across the spectrum among countries, you would see more moving left to right if equilibrium is towards the right. But I already suggested that less developed countries tend to be less economically free, which means more of those countries start on the left in our current times. Now i'm not saying that civilizations start out with regulations and moves towards the right, simply that current data shows less developed countries with less economic freedom (according to your data, if true). As for civilizations I believe the position on the continuum oscillates left to right as the civilization advances until it settles towards equilibrium.
In the end you cannot claim the data shows an unregulated economy to be better than a completely regulated one. They both suck. :) Thanks, Chris
Where's your example though of an unregulated economy sucking? You haven't given one, and all the examples we have show that the less regulation the better.
"It is probably more illuminating to go a little bit further back, to the Middle Ages. One of its characteristics was that "reasoning by analogy" was rampant; another characteristic was almost total intellectual stagnation, and we now see why the two go together. A reason for mentioning this is to point out that, by developing a keen ear for unwarranted analogies, one can detect a lot of medieval thinking today."
Edsger W. Dijkstra
Edsger W. Dijkstra
How is this reasoning by analogy? He makes the rhetorical comparison to communism, but his point doesn't depend on that comparison in any way at all.
The rest of this article discusses why dynamic linking does not deliver on any of its promises and why, just as communism, it might be an idea that only works in an ideal world.
He depends on that comparison because the rest of his argument is lacking.
His first example, the one about the broken C++ ABI, isn't really an argument against dynamic linking. C++ binary compatibility has always been a nightmare because different groups refuse to agree on a standard. It's a ding against C++, but not dynamic linking per se. For any solution to the problem he's trying to solve, there are going to be pathological cases that perform poorly. Poor C++ ABI standardization seems to be one of those cases for dynamic linking.
He also doesn't really consider the world before DSOs. Consider maintaining a machine (or lots of machines) where every package was statically linked against different versions of the same core libraries. What happens when a vulnerability is discovered in one of those libraries? How do you know which packages are vulnerable? Do really want to upgrade every single package on every machine if there is a libc vulnerability?
He depends on that comparison because the rest of his argument is lacking.
His first example, the one about the broken C++ ABI, isn't really an argument against dynamic linking. C++ binary compatibility has always been a nightmare because different groups refuse to agree on a standard. It's a ding against C++, but not dynamic linking per se. For any solution to the problem he's trying to solve, there are going to be pathological cases that perform poorly. Poor C++ ABI standardization seems to be one of those cases for dynamic linking.
He also doesn't really consider the world before DSOs. Consider maintaining a machine (or lots of machines) where every package was statically linked against different versions of the same core libraries. What happens when a vulnerability is discovered in one of those libraries? How do you know which packages are vulnerable? Do really want to upgrade every single package on every machine if there is a libc vulnerability?
If you took out the references to communism, his argument would still be there, it has no actual dependence on the analogy he's using rhetorically. Your critique in this follow-up comment is a lot more useful than dismissing his claim as a simple logical fallacy when it isn't.
What happens when a vulnerability is discovered in one of those libraries?
Actually, he directly addressed that issue, by pointing out that updating a shared library when you find an issue with it may break some of the applications that link to it. You might (and I do) disagree with him that this means dynamic linking is bad (imo, downstream projects that choose to take on an upstream dependency have the obligation to know how that dep is intended to be used), but it's not really helpful to the discussion to pretend like he didn't consider it.
What happens when a vulnerability is discovered in one of those libraries?
Actually, he directly addressed that issue, by pointing out that updating a shared library when you find an issue with it may break some of the applications that link to it. You might (and I do) disagree with him that this means dynamic linking is bad (imo, downstream projects that choose to take on an upstream dependency have the obligation to know how that dep is intended to be used), but it's not really helpful to the discussion to pretend like he didn't consider it.
And if you agree with Mises' reasoning Communism doesn't even work in the ideal world http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_calculation_debate
(interesting link in there to Project Cybersyn too by the way! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Cybersyn)
(interesting link in there to Project Cybersyn too by the way! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Cybersyn)
Really?
Guess he must've read different editions of all those medieval philosophers than I did.
Guess he must've read different editions of all those medieval philosophers than I did.
Which medieval philosophers are you referring to?
Quite a lot of them, really. Thomas Aquinas, for example, provided and still provides an excellent model for anyone who wants to be a debater, because his method is devastating. At first he lays out the opposing side's arguments, even augmenting and strengthening them when he can, before proceeding to poke logical holes in them. That accomplished, he builds up his own arguments based not on analogy, but on the rules of logic as understood at the time and on references to the arguments of other thinkers (usually Aristotle, who was highly regarded by the medievals).
Meanwhile...
Duns Scotus anticipated a lot of modern empiricism by a few hundred years; Roger Bacon was doing science (as a monk, no less) in the thirteenth century. Abelard propagated an ethics which, while building on Aristotle's, was almost modern in its treatment of individual intentions as the key to judging an action. Avicenna gave us the grounding for a lot of advanced logic.
etc., etc.
But, alas, we have a deeply-ingrained popular conception today that those guys were all a bunch of witch-burning troglodytes who must obviously have been our intellectual inferiors, and thus incapable of anything but the caricatures of thought we assign to them.
Meanwhile...
Duns Scotus anticipated a lot of modern empiricism by a few hundred years; Roger Bacon was doing science (as a monk, no less) in the thirteenth century. Abelard propagated an ethics which, while building on Aristotle's, was almost modern in its treatment of individual intentions as the key to judging an action. Avicenna gave us the grounding for a lot of advanced logic.
etc., etc.
But, alas, we have a deeply-ingrained popular conception today that those guys were all a bunch of witch-burning troglodytes who must obviously have been our intellectual inferiors, and thus incapable of anything but the caricatures of thought we assign to them.
Irony
Yay for irrelevant analogies! Who cares if they shed any light on the topic whatsoever?! Let’s give red-blooded patriotic Americans something we can all get behind, hatred of the dirty commies!
You know what else dynamic linking is up to, Mandrake? Sapping and impurifying all of our precious bodily fluids.
You know what else dynamic linking is up to, Mandrake? Sapping and impurifying all of our precious bodily fluids.
Sometimes a catchy title is just a catchy title. Perhaps you've been so damaged by the misuse of this - actual dreadful, extended, fatuous analogies between one thing and something rather unrelated/inflammatory that you recoil at the mere sight. This is understandable but in this case, the author doesn't actually make any serious analogy with communism - just a passing reference to 'ideas that sounded good but didn't work out in practice' to get his critique of dynamic linking going. It's a harmless (albeit worn-out) device - it's you who might be red-bloodedly over-reacting.
If I am forced to take the mental effort to disentangle the actual argument from the irrelevant analogy, I'm probably going to save the effort and skip all of it.
This kind of 'disentangling' can certainly be grating and tiresome but there isn't any to do here. One mention in the title. One mention in one of the lead-in sentences. That's it. It's just a (mercifully very brief) attempt to be catchy. It may be lame but there really is no analogy to disentangle here. The rest of the verbiage consists of specific technical points. If you find that sort of thing so onerous ('forced to' sounds like the author personally sent you to the Gulag) you likely experience great difficulty and mental fatigue reading most blogs since they tend to be stylistically lax.
There's a simple counterexample to this argument: operating systems. If it were not possible to create shared code, it would not be possible to write operating systems, which are nothing but shared code. Shared code does demand more careful management and versioning, especially of interfaces, and if you don't do that you are indeed hosed. But if you do then you aren't.
Libraries also open up a gate to exploits. For example the return to libc technique.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return-to-libc
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return-to-libc
There are clearly downsides to dynamic linking but static linking would fail spectacularly when there is a bug in a common library, like libc. One of two things happens:
- Some applications are not updated and retain the bug. Extremely dangerous if it is a security bug.
- Suddenly your package manager needs to update almost every single application on your system. All the packages in my Ubuntu system is a total of ~1GB. Now that you statically compiled them prepare for a very long download.
The problems presented are largely solved in integrated distributions (like Linux distributions or Apple software). Where this isn't as clear is when external parties are trying to distribute software in a non-coordinated way (most apps in Windows, non-Apple apps in OSX). In those cases static linking probably makes sense but even then I'd say you are better off linking dynamically to fairly standard stuff like libc.
- Some applications are not updated and retain the bug. Extremely dangerous if it is a security bug.
- Suddenly your package manager needs to update almost every single application on your system. All the packages in my Ubuntu system is a total of ~1GB. Now that you statically compiled them prepare for a very long download.
The problems presented are largely solved in integrated distributions (like Linux distributions or Apple software). Where this isn't as clear is when external parties are trying to distribute software in a non-coordinated way (most apps in Windows, non-Apple apps in OSX). In those cases static linking probably makes sense but even then I'd say you are better off linking dynamically to fairly standard stuff like libc.
Couldn't you get the space efficiencies without the incompatibility headaches by naming the library like libfoo-SHA1_AS_LONG_HEX_STRING.so in addition to libfoo.so.1.2.3? They're already using symlinks in the lib directories.
This assumes that libraries are fully parallel-installable, which is often not the case in Unix. I think .NET does something like this, though.
Pfft. Dynamic Linking isn't broken, Solaris is. For some reason I don't have nearly the same amount of trouble handling dynamic libraries on Linux or BSD as I do on Solaris. If code depends on bugs, then the code is broken and that is a bug. Packaging your own special version of a library may solve your problems in the short term, but it increases maintenance in the long term. This is the same whether you do it statically or dynamically.
They're both supported/opposed fanatically by ideologues?
zlib security vulnerabilities, anyone? Or gecko, for that matter...
Dynamic linking works just fine.
You don't want your every app to carry its bits of glibc inside, same for libx11, same for openssl.
And it's definitely more polished than gems or jars or whatever other languages have; maybe only perl/cpan comes close.
On other hand, C++, with its writhing ABIs and changing mangling rules is definitely not suited for dynamic linking.
They could make their Class.forName() one day, but they were too arrogant and now it would never work okay. The solution is to restrict C++ usage.
On other hand, C++, with its writhing ABIs and changing mangling rules is definitely not suited for dynamic linking.
They could make their Class.forName() one day, but they were too arrogant and now it would never work okay. The solution is to restrict C++ usage.
Generally when I see article with really, really stupid analogies, I assume the article is not well thought out and probably of poor quality. As a rule of thumb, it gives pretty good results.
Just step back and consider all the problems dynamic linking has caused us (DLL hell, package management headaches, C library incompatibilities, various ABI issues) and the sheer complexity of the systems invented to solve those problems (Side-by-Side assemblies; InstallShield, Windows Installer, and umpteen other install frameworks for Windows; LD_LIBRARY_PATH, ldconfig; APT, RPM, and umpteen other Linux package managers).