falsissime

昨年議論

Yes, this technique has been used by several implementations. And any application developer can use `asserta/1` for the very same purpose. Just one rule, that is certainly much more appealing.

falsissime

昨年議論

> The user has no realistic way of implementing the `call/N` builtin themselves.

Not sure what you mean by realistic, but `call/1` can be implemented by having one simple rule for each existing predicate (now for the sake of the argument ignoring control constructs, which require somewhat more complex processing first) plus a rule for uninstantiated variables and one for an inexistant predicate. And `call/N, N > 1` can now be defined based on it.

falsissime

3 年前議論

You lost this bet: Write append3/4 which appends three lists to a fourth, such that append3(Xs,Ys,[e],[]) terminates.

falsissime

3 年前議論

For many languages, the lexical part requires an "eager consumer rule"/"maximal munch" in addition to the actual grammar, whereas the remaining grammar does not.

falsissime

3 年前議論

> ... all the activity of the early years of logic programming has died out, ...

Of course, now there is activity of the current years! What else could we have now? If you look back, there was not only progress but also quite a lot of regress. Like, dif/2 in Prolog 0, then to stay submerged for so long, resurfacing in Prolog II and Mu etc. Errors in Prolog I, then abolished in DEC10 at the expense of incorrectness, only to resurface later on, but still not entirely recovered...

falsissime

3 年前議論

> Which system are you referring to?

SICStus. The best for catching resource errors (that is with catch/3) and continues thereafter happily. SWI does catch many situations, but as you observe it is much less reliable. SICStus is also best for timeouts. I have not tested SWI recently, only noted that the compatibility library(timeout) has been updated. The call_with_inference_limit/3 might be interesting. The others you mention have just bad interfaces. But what both systems lack is a reproducible notion of time on a lower level. Walltime is not useful, as it is load dependent, CPU-time depends on TLBs, caches and all that. Think of number of (completed) CPU-instructions. PAPI-wise. While there is some JIT-tering in both systems this is still the best. Anyway, I start daydreaming...

> they're most of the time a sign of programming error

Often yes, but then you need to explain such errors which incurs a lot of attempts to execute fragments of the looping program. Like with a failure-slice https://stackoverflow.com/tags/failure-slice

And then, there is another kind of programs that effectively do not terminate but are still useful. Those that try to find counterexamples (posh expression for bugs).

> Oh, is that lisp-y style?

Recursive functions a la (cons x (recursive ...)) are not tail recursive (or at least have been not in the 1970s), whereas the corresponding code in Prolog is. So they were often transformed with an auxiliary argument that collected all conses in the wrong direction and were nreverse-d thereafter since (ideally) noone else referred to that list. I believe this has been solved in the meantime.

And yes, with a step-by-step tracer, this style makes things easier to watch. OTOH, you could use purer methods for debugging (for the pure part of your programs). At least, when you are into constraints, the tracers are of no use any longer and you have to switch.

falsissime

3 年前議論

> But there's no formal concept of "interface" in Prolog

Any predicate you write for someone else has an interface. Someone else includes you in a couple of weeks. All predicates that are not truly auxiliary ones which are more like basic blocks of command oriented programming languages - COPLs.

> instantiations errors are a possible issue at every level of a program

That is not the worst that can happen. Nor is non-termination the worst. The worst is if an unexpected failure or success happens that looks like a legitimate answer. However, for many, non-termination is seen as being worse than such real errors. The reason is that there are only very few Prolog systems that reliably catch resource errors or have reliable timeouts. Well, to be true, there is one system. And the others most often abort.

> (hence my practice of documenting the structure of inputs and outputs carefully).

> I really don't like the ad-hoc "type" checking in Prolog (as in integer/1 etc).

integer/1 is one of the orignal sins of DEC10 which remplaced the errors of Prolog I by silent failure. And everybody then followed suit. Mindlessly. There is library(si) that offers integer_si/1 to make things much cleaner.

As for your remarks on type systems for Prolog, one feature they do not provide is a dynamic conversion between regular Prolog and the typed part. There was an attempt some time ago but unfortunately the individual left for FP.

> Who needs type safety anyway?

It seems there are two different objectives: type safety and instantiation safety. Both are often confounded.

> SWI-Prolog's Picat-style matching with the "=>" operator that is an > alternative to ":-".

This approach does not distinguish between instantiation and type errors. Take the sum_list/2 from https://www.swi-prolog.org/pldoc/man?section=ssu

   ?- sum_list(1, N).
      existence_error(matching_rule, sum_list(1, 0, _A)).
   ?- sum_list(L, N).
      existence_error(matching_rule, sum_list(_A, 0, _B)).

And then when adding the suggested catchall rule, both fail. Both. This throws us back by almost half a century. So now DEC10-style errors get into the 21st century. Prolog 0 and Prolog I were better.

   ?- sum_list(1, N).
      false.
   ?- sum_list(L, N).
      false, unexpected.

> "steadfastness", that you also mentioned, and that is a new term for me

Since 1987-09-29 in common use, see the Prolog Digest of that date, posting by Richard O'Keefe. Here is my definition: an argument Ai is steadfast w.r.t. a goal g(A1,..Ai,..AN), when executing this goal is equivalent (complete operationally) to, g(A1,..CAi,..AN), CAi = Ai with CAi a fresh new variable. And more generally an argument Ai is steadfast, if this property holds for all goals.

A good example of a steadfast argument is the second argument of append/3. You can replace any goal append(Xs, Ys, Zs) by append(Xs, CYs, Zs), CYs = Ys without observable effect (except efficiency, resource consumption and the like). But even non-termination is preserved! Another one is the 3rd argument of phrase/3.

Or take your run_length_encoding/2/3, where the second argument is steadfast. You (presumably on purpose) accumulated in the second argument all the elements only to reverse them finally in a highly lispeling manner. At least no destructive nreverse.

falsissime

3 年前議論

(It seems one needs to go into a post directly to be able to reply more rapidly. The delay seems to be reserved for the thread-mode.)

Before sending an e-mail, check https://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/prolog/ there are so many original sources now online that help to reconsider some perceptions. In particular, the Prolog I manual is there, but in a very bad shape (bad scan from a used up chain printer, probably a 3203, all caps, no accents ...).

falsissime

3 年前議論

Explicit checking of the appropriate instantiations is something for more or less official interfaces, not for every internal predicate. For those official checking via must_be/2, can_be/2 and the library(si) (all in Scryer) is often all you need. (The SWI-version conflates must_be/2 and can_be/2).

But you could save your beloved cut with minimal effort by using dif_si/2 (voir https://stackoverflow.com/a/20238931/772868) just before the cut. In this manner you would get instantiation errors for exactly the cases you cannot handle.

falsissime

3 年前議論

(It takes some time here, before the reply link appears)

While I do not know what you were thinking either, I do know that you insisted on a mode +,- and thus refrained from using the most general query to test your program just in case. Prolog would have shown you the problem right in the first answer!

    ?- run_length_encoding(L,E).
       L = [], E = []-0, unexpected
    ;  ... .

While the most general query often leads to an unfair enumeration of answers/solutions, it is still a useful and effortless way to test a program, just in case.

falsissime

3 年前議論

Support of as many modes as possible is an aim that is often too ambitious. Instead, unsupported modes should be indicated with an instantiation error or (much rarer) an uninstantiation_error. In this manner the logic remains intact as long as no error occurs and the program does not loop. And yes, this may come at the expense of its usefulness, think of (is)/2.

YeGoblynQueenne omitted what the mode +,- actually means. And the program does not check it. Does it mean that the first argument must be ground or is it OK, to leave some variables inside? Think of `[a,f(X),b]`. Also the - has sometimes the meaning of being descriptive (that is a completely steadfast argument) or prescriptive (meaning that the program may be incorrect if the argument is not an unaliased variable). Would errors be used for the unintended cases things would be much clearer.

falsissime

3 年前議論

For one, the second argument should be (upon success at least) a list. But in your program it isn't a list for `[]`.

falsissime

3 年前議論

There is a minor impurity in this code: `N = 1+1, rle([a,a],[[a,N]]).` succeeds, yet `rle([a,a],[[a,N]]), N = 1+1` fails. Add `:- op(150, fx, #).` and use it like `#CountPlus1 #= #Count+1` etc.

falsissime

3 年前議論

> but the burning problem that datalog does fix is Prolog's semi-decidability, or in other words, its tendency to enter infinite recursions.

Prolog's built-in search is not semidecidable. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decidability_(logic)#Semidecid...

As you observe, Prolog gets stuck in left-recursions. But iterative deepening for Prolog is semidecidable (among other fair methods). This indeed is restricted to the pure, monotonic subset of (full) Prolog together with all pure, monotonic extensions.

falsissime

3 年前議論

Any progress for Quantum conformity wise? It's doc reads is a full ISO Prolog implementation https://quantumprolog.sgml.io/docs/langreference.html

falsissime

4 年前議論

op(150, fx, #) would make the SWI code more readable.

falsissime

4 年前議論

The 1978 DEC10 Prolog user guide mentions PROG.PL as an example of a Prolog file with an extension. See 3.2 in https://userweb.fct.unl.pt/~lmp/publications/online-papers/U...

Maybe the 1975 Prolog I manual has more to say...

falsissime

4 年前議論

[dead]

falsissime

4 年前議論

Consider to set the flag to "error" to see if there are any cases where infinite terms would be created.

falsissime

4 年前議論

> the occurs check is crucial for the performance of the algorithm (because without it unification can go on forever, whereas with the occurs check unification will terminate and find an mgu if one exists).

Many current systems perform rational tree unification. Like SICStus, SWI by default, Scryer by default etc. This claim that unification going on forever only holds for rather the minority of systems today.

falsissime

投稿

Prolog day – 50 years of Prolog

コメント