Quanta Magazine: The Quest to Quantify Quantumness(quantamagazine.org)
quantamagazine.org
Quanta Magazine: The Quest to Quantify Quantumness
https://www.quantamagazine.org/the-quest-to-quantify-quantumness-20231019/
3 comments
If circuits without T-gates have zero "magic" and circuits without swap gates have no "interactivity" then circuits without what gates will have no entanglement? can it be characterized the same way?
Circuits "without entanglement" are divided up into fixed size blocks. I.e. we have n qubits divided up into blocks of size d. Within each block we can do whatever you like, but in circuits without entanglement you will have no gates which cross between blocks (i.e. for every multiple-qubit gate all of its qubits are within the same block).
Ah I see, searching a bit I think you're referring to multipartite entanglement (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipartite_entanglement) don't understand much from what is written there but I believe I got the gist from from your comment, thanks a lot
Not necessarily multipartite entanglement. Bipartite entanglement is covered in this scenario as well.
They key point is that if a circuit can be divided up into pieces which aren't entangled with each other then you can understand the individual pieces separately, which is very nice. On the other hand if the system can't be divided up in this way you don't really have any choice except deal with the whole thing as one big blob, which is difficult.
They key point is that if a circuit can be divided up into pieces which aren't entangled with each other then you can understand the individual pieces separately, which is very nice. On the other hand if the system can't be divided up in this way you don't really have any choice except deal with the whole thing as one big blob, which is difficult.
Thanks for clarifying, reading your first comment again you say that you can cook up quite easily some other examples of islands like the 3 ones in the article, for the sake of curiosity I would be interested if you could give another comment expanding on that too.
The obvious dumb classical algorithm for simulating a quantum computer with n qubits runs in O(2^n) time and space. Since 2^log(n) = n is polynomial it follows that "log-space" quantum circuits, I.e. quantum circuits with a logarithmic number of qubits are efficiently classically simulable. These log-space circuits are an obvious "island" in the metaphor of the article and adding more qubits is the "quantum resource which let's you swim in the sea".
Another obvious example is what you get if there is no superpositions at any time. I.e. at every step in the computation the state is a computational basis state. Since we label computational basis states with binary strings, with a little checking you can see that circuits with no superpositions are exactly the same as reversible classical Boolean/logic circuits. These can obviously be efficiently classical simulated so they form another island. Here the relevant quantum resource that frees you from the island is what is called coherence.
There are probably a bunch more examples. I think you can invent one where all your quantum logic gates have to have at least a certain amount of noise in them, but I haven't checked the details on that.
Another obvious example is what you get if there is no superpositions at any time. I.e. at every step in the computation the state is a computational basis state. Since we label computational basis states with binary strings, with a little checking you can see that circuits with no superpositions are exactly the same as reversible classical Boolean/logic circuits. These can obviously be efficiently classical simulated so they form another island. Here the relevant quantum resource that frees you from the island is what is called coherence.
There are probably a bunch more examples. I think you can invent one where all your quantum logic gates have to have at least a certain amount of noise in them, but I haven't checked the details on that.
Would be incorrect to consider the example where there is no superposition like a special case of the island with no entanglement? Because you should be able to classically simulate superposed states as long as these are not entangled so states with no superposition should be a particular subset.
I don't think this argument really works, because you can also classically simulate superposed states as long as they are stabilizer states, or fermionic gaussian states, or log-space states or whatever else. Similarly you can also classically simulate states with arbitrarily large amounts of stabilzer magic if they happen to be fermionic gaussian states or whatever.
I think you can sort-make the argument you want to make, because all computational basis states are also product states, just like all computational basis states are also stabilizer states and also (if they have the right parity) fermionic gaussian states. Where it goes wrong is when you start thinking about gates/circuits instead of states, because (e.g.) CX or CCC..CX gates with arbitrary numbers of controls are (in general) highly entangling gates, but they map computational basis states to other computational basis states.
Does this make sense?
I think you can sort-make the argument you want to make, because all computational basis states are also product states, just like all computational basis states are also stabilizer states and also (if they have the right parity) fermionic gaussian states. Where it goes wrong is when you start thinking about gates/circuits instead of states, because (e.g.) CX or CCC..CX gates with arbitrary numbers of controls are (in general) highly entangling gates, but they map computational basis states to other computational basis states.
Does this make sense?
I think it makes sense but I also what I said before so if these really can't be compatible then I'm still confused, what I believe is that non superposing states should be a subset of any superposed state with its corresponding computational basis state, something like:
|Simulated state |Computational basis state that allows classical simulation|
|Non entangled superposed state |product/stabilizer/fermionic state|
|Entangled superposed state |stabilizer/fermionic state|
|Magic superposed state |fermionic state|
So as I see it non superposing states are a special case of any classically simulable superposed state so they can always be classically simulated.
|Simulated state |Computational basis state that allows classical simulation|
|Non entangled superposed state |product/stabilizer/fermionic state|
|Entangled superposed state |stabilizer/fermionic state|
|Magic superposed state |fermionic state|
So as I see it non superposing states are a special case of any classically simulable superposed state so they can always be classically simulated.
For individual states I think what you're saying is correct, but I think thinking about individual states is not the right way to go about classical simulation or thinking about complexity.
For example imagine we have a big, complicated quantum circuit, which doesn't look "nice" in any way, but at every time it happens that the state may be expressed as a superposition of only 2 (or a few) stabilzer states. Even though the states are simple in this sense, we wouldn't expect to be able to efficiently classically simulate this circuit.
This is because even though there is an efficient classical description of the state of the quantum computer at every timestep (the efficient description is as a superposition of a few stabilizer states), there isn't an efficient way to find these efficient classical descriptions, or even notice that they exist.
For example imagine we have a big, complicated quantum circuit, which doesn't look "nice" in any way, but at every time it happens that the state may be expressed as a superposition of only 2 (or a few) stabilzer states. Even though the states are simple in this sense, we wouldn't expect to be able to efficiently classically simulate this circuit.
This is because even though there is an efficient classical description of the state of the quantum computer at every timestep (the efficient description is as a superposition of a few stabilizer states), there isn't an efficient way to find these efficient classical descriptions, or even notice that they exist.
Right that is nice point I wouldn't have think about if you hadn't draw my attention there, well that was all I will be not taking more of your time, thank you very much for answering all my doubts it was very productive for me as I learned a lot =), all the best.
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In my opinion the quanta article is mostly accurate but there are some innacuracies. Where they say there are "three islands" there are definitely at least a few more. You can cook up more examples quite easily.