Yeah one of other beauties of numpy is you can pass data to/from native shared libraries compiled from C code with little overhead. This was more klidgy in Matlab last I checked
Back when our lab transitioned from Matlab to Python I used numpy/scipy quite a bit. I remember heavily leaning on numpy.reshape to get things to work correctly. In some cases I did resort to looping.
I thought it was the exact opposite. European universities were a lot harder to get a faculty appointment. And they tended to favor local candidates , Which is why you see a lot of US universities have foreign professors, but not as many European universities that do
In the medieval era in Europe few were generally professional, in the sense that it was their full time job even in peacetime. Like you said the Kings retinue would be one of the few exceptions. Since the collapse of the (Western) Roman Empire there just wasn’t the concentration of resources in Europe for maintaining standing armies. Most were effectively a reserve force, somewhat akin to the. National Guard in the US hat could be “called up” in the event of a war.
This is becoming more common. Students are entering high snchool already having taken geometry in the 8th grade. When I graduated in the late 90s, we had calc 3 (we called it multivariable calc) and linear algebra, partially because a bit under half the class would run out of math by their senior year. They also were starting to offer differental equations and complex analysis. This was a magnet program. When I went back for my 20th reunion, I was told only maybe 5-10% didn’t already have geometry.
The Plaza Accord was 1985. And it wasn’t just between the US and Japan. iIf included France, Germany and the UK.
The Japanese economy continued to grow until the mid 1990s. I think the real culprit was low birth rate in the prior 20 years did not train the next generation of productive workers. China, South Korea most of Europe face similar issues