It depends on where you start. Much of our cognitive biases and dissonances have to do with what we want to achieve and our view of the self. It's foundational work and an emerging field in science.
If you'd like to explore atheistic consciousness, try Sam Harris.
Descartes' Error is a good book for understanding the relationship between logic and emotion.
Tons of good books on meditation out there. If you want to know more about eastern philosophy, a great short book is the Tao of Pooh. Yes, the bear.
Definitely. It takes practice and increasing your awareness of your self. The list of common cognitive biases (even if you narrow it down to the 5 most common ones) can really help frame your self awareness. Highly recommended that you use a list like that when trying to attribute your causes.
Also, at the end of the day, you have to make a judgement about the quality and benefits of the outcome and keep adding that to your System 1 dataset.