A policy of mass destruction(cam.ac.uk)
cam.ac.uk
A policy of mass destruction
http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/a-policy-of-mass-destruction/
11 comments
An analogy for privatisation and increasing an economy's capital dynamism is turning up the heat in a reactor. The added energy makes the entire system more powerful if properly directed. But the steam doesn't want to drive a generator; if it's easier to breach a weakness in the containment structure then so be it. The higher the temperature the stronger the containment need be.
Russia was privatised shockingly fast without building up a competent judiciary, informed public, nor the rule of law necessary to direct that activity. So it settled for the path of least resistance to profit and turned inward and venal.
We are still learning about engineering economies on an international scale like this; it doesn't always turn out as "mass destruction". In today's FT Jim Yong Kim, US nominee for the World Bank, comments on being "born in South Korea when it was still recovering from war, with unpaved roads and low levels of literacy. I have seen how integration with the global economy can transform a poor country into one of the most dynamic and prosperous economies in the world. I have seen how investment in infrastructure, schools and health clinics can change lives. And I recognise that economic growth is vital to generate resources for investment in health, education and public goods" [1]. The "policy of mass destruction" headline is needlessly hyperbolic.
[1] http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e2adc88c-7733-11e1-baf3-00144feab4...
Russia was privatised shockingly fast without building up a competent judiciary, informed public, nor the rule of law necessary to direct that activity. So it settled for the path of least resistance to profit and turned inward and venal.
We are still learning about engineering economies on an international scale like this; it doesn't always turn out as "mass destruction". In today's FT Jim Yong Kim, US nominee for the World Bank, comments on being "born in South Korea when it was still recovering from war, with unpaved roads and low levels of literacy. I have seen how integration with the global economy can transform a poor country into one of the most dynamic and prosperous economies in the world. I have seen how investment in infrastructure, schools and health clinics can change lives. And I recognise that economic growth is vital to generate resources for investment in health, education and public goods" [1]. The "policy of mass destruction" headline is needlessly hyperbolic.
[1] http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e2adc88c-7733-11e1-baf3-00144feab4...
Dismantling the state run businesses should have been done more slowly, to allow the Soviet people time to adapt.
I'm not saying the communist oligopoly should have been left in place. But, dismantling it so quickly simply allowed a different oligopoly to be put in place, with little net improvement for most people.
Some would argue that not letting the people adapt to the change was exactly the intended result, though.
I'm not saying the communist oligopoly should have been left in place. But, dismantling it so quickly simply allowed a different oligopoly to be put in place, with little net improvement for most people.
Some would argue that not letting the people adapt to the change was exactly the intended result, though.
> Dismantling the state run businesses should have been done more slowly, to allow the Soviet people time to adapt.
Poland, Hungary and the Baltic countries mostly did this, and they had far less problem after communism than Russia and most other former Soviet republics.
Poland, Hungary and the Baltic countries mostly did this, and they had far less problem after communism than Russia and most other former Soviet republics.
The Baltic countries also started with smaller and medium-sized companies first, privatizing a lot of stuff in the early 1990s that didn't have deep systemic involvement in the economy. The large, more difficult cases, like banks, electric companies, etc., were kept state-owned during the transition period. Once the transition was on better footing, they privatized the larger companies mostly in the 1997-2002 timeframe. That also let them float those companies in more traditional ways, such as IPOs on a stock market, rather than the experimental voucher system that was used in Russia.
The difference between Baltic countries + Poland vs. Ukraine, Moldova and Russia is a lack of independent juridical branch of government, ephemeral property ownership rights, no rule of law, and, in general, more paternalistically minded people (towards government regulation of / interference in business). All of this makes medium sized business almost impossible to survive; rapid privatization in 1990s (as per subject article) seems totally irrelevant factor to me as a person living here: I see a reprivatization wave of roughly half large enterprises after each election cycle here. Corporate raidership is run by judges, governed by executive branch of govt by phone, and local analog of FBI is just a tool to bereave tasty property, they have no connection to justice at all. So how capital can accumulate in such an environment? There's no way.
Who knows whether it is the reason behind the economic problems of 90-s, or it is a fallout of those.
Perhaps if the whole country has not been rapidly blasted into a decade of absolute poverty, we'd have less corrupt justice and more rule of law.
Perhaps if the whole country has not been rapidly blasted into a decade of absolute poverty, we'd have less corrupt justice and more rule of law.
My basic thesis is Capitalism in Eastern Europe is not gonna work until solid property ownership system is established, until the property and the capital is protected [from corrupt statesmen] by law, and this protection is enforced in practice.
East-to-the-Poland nations can remain in this "half-assed capitalism" state forever, the transition is not gonna happen automatically.
Poverty is just a consequence of such conditions, so it will remain as is until transformation of juridical branch of government is over.
East-to-the-Poland nations can remain in this "half-assed capitalism" state forever, the transition is not gonna happen automatically.
Poverty is just a consequence of such conditions, so it will remain as is until transformation of juridical branch of government is over.
The solid property ownership system isn't going to establish itself. What do you think can (should) be done to establish it?
"Some economists argue that mass privatisation would have worked if it had been implemented even more rapidly and extensively." This is always the argument about any failed policy. These researchers should do a wider study that includes privatization efforts before 1990.
We could conduct some pretty sweet experiments in virtual worlds. Would libertarianism really work if it were the law? A real welfare state? Privatization of a communist country? Start a virtual world with those laws and see what happens. Some obvious drawbacks include: - self-selection of participants (you could get around this by controlling who is allowed to participate) - lower motivation (being unable to pay your actual rent has a pretty different effect from having a low virtual bank account balance) - natural anonymity of avatars (there are plenty of things people do online they'd never do in real life)
But a well-done research study could probably account for a lot of those things.
Maybe the IMF should conduct some virtual world experiments before shoving their current pet policy down the throats of millions of people whose government just collapsed. This isn't the first complaint I've heard that goes, "The policy forced on X country by the IMF turns out to have ruined everything. Oops."
We could conduct some pretty sweet experiments in virtual worlds. Would libertarianism really work if it were the law? A real welfare state? Privatization of a communist country? Start a virtual world with those laws and see what happens. Some obvious drawbacks include: - self-selection of participants (you could get around this by controlling who is allowed to participate) - lower motivation (being unable to pay your actual rent has a pretty different effect from having a low virtual bank account balance) - natural anonymity of avatars (there are plenty of things people do online they'd never do in real life)
But a well-done research study could probably account for a lot of those things.
Maybe the IMF should conduct some virtual world experiments before shoving their current pet policy down the throats of millions of people whose government just collapsed. This isn't the first complaint I've heard that goes, "The policy forced on X country by the IMF turns out to have ruined everything. Oops."
This is impossible. In fact, the whole pursuit of mathematical economics and economic modelling is flawed. Se here for a fuller explanation: http://mises.org/daily/3638
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When you replace a "central planned" public economy by a "central planned" private economy you have not done anything at all.
The problem is being "central planned" in the first place. Companies should not grow to a level in witch they get profits from monopolies and privileges, but for giving a service for the people.
We are learning this the hard way, in the west we have institutions that are "too big to fail". The politicians solutions? Make them even bigger so they can trick the people for a while until it makes a bigger boom in someone else election year.
The Federal Reserve and the ECB are central planning our economy and it is not working for the general population.
The problem is being "central planned" in the first place. Companies should not grow to a level in witch they get profits from monopolies and privileges, but for giving a service for the people.
We are learning this the hard way, in the west we have institutions that are "too big to fail". The politicians solutions? Make them even bigger so they can trick the people for a while until it makes a bigger boom in someone else election year.
The Federal Reserve and the ECB are central planning our economy and it is not working for the general population.
Tl;dr A bunch of politicans with geopolitical goals made central policy on how to direct a bankrupt nation in turmoil. A nation which has existed in perpetual corruption under collectivism. Yet this is described as a failure of privatization?
I can't wait for the day Russia isn't under corrupt leadership. The natural and human resources there are vast and untapped. To think what the world would be like if they had followed Adam Smith instead of Marx.
I can't wait for the day Russia isn't under corrupt leadership. The natural and human resources there are vast and untapped. To think what the world would be like if they had followed Adam Smith instead of Marx.
Corruption wasn't a killing problem for USSR. Inefficiency was.
There wasn't much to be stolen. There wasn't much to be earned either; hence the inefficiency and the lack of determination.
There wasn't much to be stolen. There wasn't much to be earned either; hence the inefficiency and the lack of determination.
I believe that the IMF, World Bank and friends are primarily economic pillagers. I think that destroying economies and taking over countries is their main purpose.
They normally go after second and third world countries. Recently they have begun attacking the first world.
I think that the financial crisis could have been resolved in a number of ways. However, they decided to deliberately exacerbate it and perhaps deliberately induced it to begin with. I believe that the goal is to redraw international borders by forming new supernational poltical entities, and they think that they cannot do that with healthy economies during peacetime. They believe they need a new world war.
The theory looks to be something along the lines of "you've got to crack a few eggs to make an omelette". I think that the fact that these people are taking these destructive actions behind everyone's backs means they are untrustworthy.
I know, I'm just a crazy conspiracy theorist who is too stupid to comprehend the intricacies of the hard science of economics.
They normally go after second and third world countries. Recently they have begun attacking the first world.
I think that the financial crisis could have been resolved in a number of ways. However, they decided to deliberately exacerbate it and perhaps deliberately induced it to begin with. I believe that the goal is to redraw international borders by forming new supernational poltical entities, and they think that they cannot do that with healthy economies during peacetime. They believe they need a new world war.
The theory looks to be something along the lines of "you've got to crack a few eggs to make an omelette". I think that the fact that these people are taking these destructive actions behind everyone's backs means they are untrustworthy.
I know, I'm just a crazy conspiracy theorist who is too stupid to comprehend the intricacies of the hard science of economics.
Whoa. I never knew this "couponing" was how the post-Soviet economies went about privatization. It seems like perhaps the exact worst way to go about de-centralizing an economy, especially when little-to-no financial and corporate management expertise existed in the population steeped in generations of collectivism. I don't think this is an anti-capitalism lesson -- it's a lesson on the dangers of the widespread implementation of good-sounding academic ideas with little basis in reality.
A good-sounding idea of my own: I wonder what would have been the result if all privatized operations had been sold to the highest foreign bidders, with the cash disbursed to the citizens who had been the putative "owners" of these enterprises. Instead of the post-Soviet kleptocracies, perhaps a real industrial base would have developed, with intimate global ties.
A good-sounding idea of my own: I wonder what would have been the result if all privatized operations had been sold to the highest foreign bidders, with the cash disbursed to the citizens who had been the putative "owners" of these enterprises. Instead of the post-Soviet kleptocracies, perhaps a real industrial base would have developed, with intimate global ties.
Your good-sounding idea failed gloriously in a large scale in East Germany (just that the money was used to pay back part of the debt).
The problem is that most sales processes can be rigged (ours definitely was), if only by making up such a complex procedure that only those in the know are able to fill out the forms in the short time allocated by the same people.
I guess that every "simple" idea on how to approach decollectivization was tried in one of the former socialist or communist countries (there were a whole bunch to try theories on, after all). That the author probably chose the one they could most easily pick apart.
I guess that every "simple" idea on how to approach decollectivization was tried in one of the former socialist or communist countries (there were a whole bunch to try theories on, after all). That the author probably chose the one they could most easily pick apart.
What if the highest foreign bid would be below reasonable price? (Not uncommon if we're talking hundreds of risky operations arriving on finance market at once)
What if the foreign owner then proceeds with dismantling and closing the purchased operation to decrease competition?
Siemens did just that as far as I know. They bought a new phone plant in Riga (Latvia) and they shut it down. Have their own phone manufacturing business, why risk it?
Siemens did just that as far as I know. They bought a new phone plant in Riga (Latvia) and they shut it down. Have their own phone manufacturing business, why risk it?
Naomi Klein's 2009 film "The Shock Doctrine" (imdb: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1355640/), available on netflix, looks at similar subject matter.
In short, the 'chicago school' economics lead by Milton Friedman posit that as-free-as-possible markets, de-regulation and privatisation are economically beneficial. In practice (see: Argentina, Chile, etc) they only seem to further the gap between rich and poor, and the 'shock doctrine' way of destabilising the existing economy and government to achieve this is pretty disgusting.
In short, the 'chicago school' economics lead by Milton Friedman posit that as-free-as-possible markets, de-regulation and privatisation are economically beneficial. In practice (see: Argentina, Chile, etc) they only seem to further the gap between rich and poor, and the 'shock doctrine' way of destabilising the existing economy and government to achieve this is pretty disgusting.
> In short, the 'chicago school' economics lead by Milton Friedman posit that as-free-as-possible markets, de-regulation and privatisation are economically beneficial.
They are. You want a comparison? Let's compare Chile to North Korea, and the wealth gap in those nations. Free-as-possible markets aren't perfect. They may not even be good. But they're better than the alternative.
They are. You want a comparison? Let's compare Chile to North Korea, and the wealth gap in those nations. Free-as-possible markets aren't perfect. They may not even be good. But they're better than the alternative.
"Free-as-possible markets ... are better than the alternative[, North Korea]."
That's a nice false dichotomy you've got there.
That's a nice false dichotomy you've got there.
Wow. In the future, if you're going to put quotes around something someone said, make sure they actually said it. Re-arranging words that I used into new sentences doesn't count.
I made no attempt to hide my editing. I stand by it, too -- I only stated explicitly what you were implying.
You followed the dichotomy "Let's compare Chile to North Korea" with the dichotomy "Free-as-possible markets [or] the alternative", in a context where the parent comment had already associated Chile with "free-as-possible markets". Are you now going to insist that you were not intending to associate North Korea with "the alternative"? Because I find that pretty unlikely.
You followed the dichotomy "Let's compare Chile to North Korea" with the dichotomy "Free-as-possible markets [or] the alternative", in a context where the parent comment had already associated Chile with "free-as-possible markets". Are you now going to insist that you were not intending to associate North Korea with "the alternative"? Because I find that pretty unlikely.
I should have used a plural instead of the singular. There are, of course, many alternatives to the free market. Communism, socialism, feudalism, anarchism, capitalism, cronyism, and quite a few other isms. And free markets are better than all of those alternatives. You don't think so? Examples, please, instead of non-existent dichotomies.
Indeed, the mention of North Korea as an alternative only got under my skin owing to its proximity to the implication that there was only one alternative - I probably wouldn't have bothered grumbling if only that "the" had been an "any".
A market that was "as free as possible" would have no government regulation at all - there's one of those in Somalia. How's that for an example?
A market that was "as free as possible" would have no government regulation at all - there's one of those in Somalia. How's that for an example?
> there's one of those in Somalia. How's that for an example?
First, I asked for an example of an alternative that works better. You gave me an example of what you think a free market system looks like.
Second, that's not even an example of a free market system. That's anarchy. Anarchism. An ism. A free-market system still has a functional judiciary, a respect for property rights, etc etc. Somalia has none of those.
First, I asked for an example of an alternative that works better. You gave me an example of what you think a free market system looks like.
Second, that's not even an example of a free market system. That's anarchy. Anarchism. An ism. A free-market system still has a functional judiciary, a respect for property rights, etc etc. Somalia has none of those.
Of course Somalia's not an example of something that works better. I meant it as (I guess the term would be) a co-example; there's no market regulation, & it's pretty obvious that pretty much anything else works better.
However, I do insist that, strictly speaking, anarchy is a free market system - it's the reductio ad absurdum of free-market-ism. It's only fair if you're willing to cite North Korea, a totalitarian dictatorship with absolute state power, ie the reductio ad absurdum of state regulation, as an example of such. North Korea also lacks a functional judiciary, a respect for property rights, etc etc.
I take it you at least consider justice & law enforcement to be sectors that benefit from state regulation - and I'd be surprised if there were no other such sectors as well.
To take less extreme examples:
* the (pre-Obamacare, as it's too early to judge the new setup) US healthcare system, which is less regulated than most developed countries', is the most expensive & least effective.
* In the UK, the cheapest & most reliable part of the rail network is the part in Northern Ireland... being the only part that wasn't privatised back in 1993. Everywhere else, costs have grown & reliability has fallen.
...
To try to find some common ground here: you believe in "as little regulation as possible", but that "as little as possible" is not none; I believe in "as much regulation as necessary", but that "as much as necessary" is not totalitarianism. I suspect these beliefs are, in the end, adjoint - opposite approaches to the same fundamental idea, although we may disagree on the details. Does that seem reasonable to you?
However, I do insist that, strictly speaking, anarchy is a free market system - it's the reductio ad absurdum of free-market-ism. It's only fair if you're willing to cite North Korea, a totalitarian dictatorship with absolute state power, ie the reductio ad absurdum of state regulation, as an example of such. North Korea also lacks a functional judiciary, a respect for property rights, etc etc.
I take it you at least consider justice & law enforcement to be sectors that benefit from state regulation - and I'd be surprised if there were no other such sectors as well.
To take less extreme examples:
* the (pre-Obamacare, as it's too early to judge the new setup) US healthcare system, which is less regulated than most developed countries', is the most expensive & least effective.
* In the UK, the cheapest & most reliable part of the rail network is the part in Northern Ireland... being the only part that wasn't privatised back in 1993. Everywhere else, costs have grown & reliability has fallen.
...
To try to find some common ground here: you believe in "as little regulation as possible", but that "as little as possible" is not none; I believe in "as much regulation as necessary", but that "as much as necessary" is not totalitarianism. I suspect these beliefs are, in the end, adjoint - opposite approaches to the same fundamental idea, although we may disagree on the details. Does that seem reasonable to you?
> Does that seem reasonable to you?
Actually, I can sum up my beliefs very simply. I am against big things. Big government, big business, big whatever. Big things breed corruption. I don't mind regulation or even government involvement, as long as it's happening on a very local level and I have the freedom to live someplace else.
Actually, I can sum up my beliefs very simply. I am against big things. Big government, big business, big whatever. Big things breed corruption. I don't mind regulation or even government involvement, as long as it's happening on a very local level and I have the freedom to live someplace else.
Okay, I can get behind that. I feel a certain amount of government is necessary to stop big business, big gangs (mafia & the like), or whatever from getting out of hand -- but too much government has its own problems. As you say, corruption, whoever gets too big.
Similarly, a certain amount of unionisation helps keep big business under control, but too much leads to the workers holding the populace hostage.
And so on -- balance in all things, really. Although what constitutes "balance" will vary considerably depending on what you're looking at. (Law enforcement needs more regulation than most industries, for instance.)
Similarly, a certain amount of unionisation helps keep big business under control, but too much leads to the workers holding the populace hostage.
And so on -- balance in all things, really. Although what constitutes "balance" will vary considerably depending on what you're looking at. (Law enforcement needs more regulation than most industries, for instance.)
Wait, how on Earth could you call Argentina an as-free-as-possible market? And I'd far rather live in Chile even in the bottom quintile than any other country in South America.
First, "The Shock Doctrine" was a book before it was a political documentary. Recommending the movie but not the book seems a little silly to me.
Second, I can't recommend it as a serious work. I've read a lot of Klein's work (two of her books sit here on my bookshelf) and I walked away each time rather unimpressed. In this particular case, she takes something that can be universally condemned (deliberately creating or taking advantage of disaster to pursue corporate interests) and uses it as a weapon against those who advocate free markets. This is a blatant misrepresentation of that ideology, the chicago school, and Milton Friedman. In short, Klein builds a great case against corporatism, rent-seeking, and government sponsored elitism and then beats those lobbying for freedom and equality over the head with it.
Second, I can't recommend it as a serious work. I've read a lot of Klein's work (two of her books sit here on my bookshelf) and I walked away each time rather unimpressed. In this particular case, she takes something that can be universally condemned (deliberately creating or taking advantage of disaster to pursue corporate interests) and uses it as a weapon against those who advocate free markets. This is a blatant misrepresentation of that ideology, the chicago school, and Milton Friedman. In short, Klein builds a great case against corporatism, rent-seeking, and government sponsored elitism and then beats those lobbying for freedom and equality over the head with it.
A quote from none other than libertarian idol Ludwig van Mises comes to mind:
"If a man has been hurt by being run over by an automobile, it is no remedy to let the car go back over him in the opposition direction."
But the real motivation for the rapid privatisation was not economic growth or stability. Indeed, the article states this:
"Its aim was to guarantee a swift transition to capitalism, before Soviet sympathisers could seize back the reins of power."
In other words, the goal of rapid privatization was to prevent, at any cost, the return of Communism. Was that a good idea, from an economic point of view? Probably not. But an ideology that, several times, nearly plunged the world into a nuclear war, and was responsible for the deaths of over a hundred million people, between the gulags, famines, and the Great Leap Forward, might have generated a bit of fear among the Western countries, who wanted to get rid of Communism as quickly as possible. Similarly, emancipating the slaves destroyed the economy of the South for two decades -- but it was worth it.
"If a man has been hurt by being run over by an automobile, it is no remedy to let the car go back over him in the opposition direction."
But the real motivation for the rapid privatisation was not economic growth or stability. Indeed, the article states this:
"Its aim was to guarantee a swift transition to capitalism, before Soviet sympathisers could seize back the reins of power."
In other words, the goal of rapid privatization was to prevent, at any cost, the return of Communism. Was that a good idea, from an economic point of view? Probably not. But an ideology that, several times, nearly plunged the world into a nuclear war, and was responsible for the deaths of over a hundred million people, between the gulags, famines, and the Great Leap Forward, might have generated a bit of fear among the Western countries, who wanted to get rid of Communism as quickly as possible. Similarly, emancipating the slaves destroyed the economy of the South for two decades -- but it was worth it.
If you count the deaths from famine, industrialization and so on you might as well count deaths from privatization: http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-67...
"But an ideology that, several times, nearly plunged the world into a nuclear war"
Citation needed. Any nuclear conflict had two sides. One of those tended to be USA.
Also, USA is the only country to ever drop a nuclear bomb on a city.
Citation needed. Any nuclear conflict had two sides. One of those tended to be USA.
Also, USA is the only country to ever drop a nuclear bomb on a city.
In 1962, there was the Cuban Missile Crisis:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis
In 1983, the Able Archer got the Soviet hierarchy in a tizzy. They misinterpreted a NATO exercise for an imminent attack. Reagan's announcement of SDI (more commonly called "Star Wars") lead the Soviets to believe that the US possessed technology that would shoot down any retalitory Soviet nuclear missile strikes, while permitting the US to fire nuclear missiles at will - thus defeating Mutually Assured Destruction. Add this to some jokes by Reagan such as the remark "My fellow Americans, I'm pleased to tell you today that I've signed legislation that will outlaw Russia forever. We begin bombing in five minutes." While the "5 minute" remark happened the following year, it was in character with Reagans other remarks about (and hostility towards) the Soviet Union.
https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intellig...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RYAN
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Able_Archer_83
To the Soviets, this exercise looked too much like a repeat of Operation Barbarossa, where the Nazis invaded the Soviet Union causing about 20 million deaths during WW2.
In 1983, the Able Archer got the Soviet hierarchy in a tizzy. They misinterpreted a NATO exercise for an imminent attack. Reagan's announcement of SDI (more commonly called "Star Wars") lead the Soviets to believe that the US possessed technology that would shoot down any retalitory Soviet nuclear missile strikes, while permitting the US to fire nuclear missiles at will - thus defeating Mutually Assured Destruction. Add this to some jokes by Reagan such as the remark "My fellow Americans, I'm pleased to tell you today that I've signed legislation that will outlaw Russia forever. We begin bombing in five minutes." While the "5 minute" remark happened the following year, it was in character with Reagans other remarks about (and hostility towards) the Soviet Union.
https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intellig...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RYAN
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Able_Archer_83
To the Soviets, this exercise looked too much like a repeat of Operation Barbarossa, where the Nazis invaded the Soviet Union causing about 20 million deaths during WW2.
I know about those, but I don't see why blame those all solely on USSR.
It's like the horse is finally dead and it's now safe to kick it.
Also I'm not sure there is anybody to blame. All those crises were resolved as if actual adults were behind it, contrary to most of previous crises in the history of manhood. I'd say we've passed that exam collectively as a race.
It's like the horse is finally dead and it's now safe to kick it.
Also I'm not sure there is anybody to blame. All those crises were resolved as if actual adults were behind it, contrary to most of previous crises in the history of manhood. I'd say we've passed that exam collectively as a race.
> Also, USA is the only country to ever drop a nuclear bomb on a city.
The peace we're enjoying now is a direct consequence of that. After the realization of the devastation, everyone suddenly lost the appetite for using those weapons again. Which is why there haven't been any nuclear bombs dropped on any living person in the last 70 years.
The peace we're enjoying now is a direct consequence of that. After the realization of the devastation, everyone suddenly lost the appetite for using those weapons again. Which is why there haven't been any nuclear bombs dropped on any living person in the last 70 years.
Maybe so, still I don't see why one can accuse one party in "nearly plunging the world into a nuclear war" while turning the blind eye on another side.
That's pure conjecture. We can't exactly run a parallel reality where the US didn't nuke Japan to see how it'd've turned out differently.
A new analysis showing how the radical policies advocated by western economists helped to bankrupt Russia"
Funny thing is, it is instantly obvious to anyone living in the country.
Those "policies" looked like they're aimed at destroying any research or production capacity short of mining of natural resources.
Of course, incompetence played leading role in the process, not just malice.
Funny thing is, it is instantly obvious to anyone living in the country.
Those "policies" looked like they're aimed at destroying any research or production capacity short of mining of natural resources.
Of course, incompetence played leading role in the process, not just malice.
Unfortunately the ability to raise money (or make it by trading) isn't well correlated with the ability to use money to make wealth.
Donald Trump, for instance, was recently voted "most respected businessman" by the readers of a major Men's magazine. Perhaps people are impressed by the lifestyle he leads and the fact that he's put his name on buildings all over Manhattan, but he's not really a businessman... he's somebody who plays a businessman on TV.
Back in the 90's, Trump lost money running casinos, back when the industry was booming and, for everybody else, running a casino was like having a license to print money.
So, if you're the kind of person who cares about profit and loss and who also thinks business can solve problems, delight customers and provide meaningful and renumerative work it's very frustrating to see somebody like that have a reality distorsion field that lets them live a lie and involve a lot of people in it.
Now the U.S. economy is maybe 5% or 10% B.S. and you can find many valid criticisms but it's basically on the level. That's why we're the world financial center.
You look at places like Russia where the physical and human resources are so great but it's a 80% B.S. economy and the government is 100% corrupt and that's very sad.