Ask HN: What are the biggest obstacles to vertical farms?
12 comments
The cost of providing lights (even using LEDs) is still not economically cheaper than the sun in most cases. If hydroponics is done in open it would be interesting to see if there are actually any advantages given that hydroponic farms will be near city where land is more expensive than where the farmlands are. Also pests again become a problem. There is a reason that most hydroponic companies are targeting micro-greens and other leafy vegetables as they are easy to grow and also most of the produce is edible so less waste of area and electricity.
In my experiments, I built multiple automated hydroponic setups and I have been able to grow only micro-greens and lettuce successfully and in a shorter cycle. All other experiments of growing strawberries and saffron failed.
In my experiments, I built multiple automated hydroponic setups and I have been able to grow only micro-greens and lettuce successfully and in a shorter cycle. All other experiments of growing strawberries and saffron failed.
FYI https://en.agricool.co/ are growing strawberries at scale in shipping containers but it took them a couple years of R&D.
Where can you buy them? I remember seeing their container in Paris two years ago and checking out their website. At that time it said they were trying to figure out how to distribute them. That's what their FAQ still say. I see no indication that their product really exists, let alone "at scale".
Very cool! Thanks for sharing.
Yes, the electricity cost of cooling and lighting indoor farms is still too expensive. Another way of saying that they yield gains from farming indoors are not yet sufficient to offset the added costs. I am engineering varieties of tomatoes designed to be higher yielding indoors.
P.S. you may also find this article informative. http://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/follow-the-food/the-clean-...
P.S. you may also find this article informative. http://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/follow-the-food/the-clean-...
I'd love to hear your thoughts on why they failed. I'm interested in trying to automate some hydroponic ginger/turmeric, which is a year long growing cycle. Have you written about your experiences at all?
Saffron failed as it was my first try and had a completely unscientific approach. The fact that there are very few papers available didn't help.
Strawberries failed as I was unable to regular the nutrient supply perfectly for the breed I had. They were too weak. By the time I figured out what nutrients were to be used, I had lost motivation. So I switched to easier experiments like grass and lettuce.
I am not sure if rooted vegetables like ginger can even be cultivated successfully using hydroponics. That was my learning from saffron which has bulbs. What system do you plan to use NFT, DWC or drip? Some with ag background have done it; unfortunately, I know very less about plant biology.
Haven't written much about it other than tweeting about it occasionally.
Strawberries failed as I was unable to regular the nutrient supply perfectly for the breed I had. They were too weak. By the time I figured out what nutrients were to be used, I had lost motivation. So I switched to easier experiments like grass and lettuce.
I am not sure if rooted vegetables like ginger can even be cultivated successfully using hydroponics. That was my learning from saffron which has bulbs. What system do you plan to use NFT, DWC or drip? Some with ag background have done it; unfortunately, I know very less about plant biology.
Haven't written much about it other than tweeting about it occasionally.
Also farming is hard, I've killed a shit load of plants when I started out, you gotta learn from those mistakes, keep at it and eventually you'll enjoy the fruits of your labour. Also if you're looking into hydrophonic growing do look into the Kratky method(non circulating) This is a video by Dr Kratky https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pZZO1tYqcwk, I cannot recommend it enough, This is my go to method for growing herbs, tomatoes, eggplants and chili.
Thats a very intriguing approach. I might give it a try. Farming looks easy but I find it hard.
using a medium like coconut coir would help especially if you want want to grow rhizomes or bulbs
One would hope that the "vertical" thing would take care of part of the land costs. Especially if you can stick your setup right on top of an existing building in a city.
Farm land is much much cheaper, atleast in my country. Moving the farm to the top would mean you can have just one floor of plants. Cooling costs will go up (many hydroponic farms are rather going underground) and so will electricity which is higher in the cities.
Countering, lighting costs can be lowered by using sunlight to complement. CO2 levels are higher in city, might help plants grow faster (and maybe thinner?). Transportation costs of produce will go down as they don't need to be transferred 100s of kilometres.
We need a few experiments to figure out the logistics and economics of it as there are multiple factors.
Countering, lighting costs can be lowered by using sunlight to complement. CO2 levels are higher in city, might help plants grow faster (and maybe thinner?). Transportation costs of produce will go down as they don't need to be transferred 100s of kilometres.
We need a few experiments to figure out the logistics and economics of it as there are multiple factors.
> Farm land is much much cheaper
Farmland is only cheaper because externalities (financial, social, environmental) aren't reflected in the cost. Vertical farming is supposed to solve more problems than just "well, we have limited space in a city".
Farmland is only cheaper because externalities (financial, social, environmental) aren't reflected in the cost. Vertical farming is supposed to solve more problems than just "well, we have limited space in a city".
Cant you use sunlight and guide it through mirrors with rotating shelf's?
You may but then you loose out on the advantage of accelerated growth because of artificial season cycles. LEDs are illuminated in such duration that the plant thinks flowering season has come even though it actually hasn't. A closed room is a VM for plants.
Also, if you depend on sunlight, you can't grow all year around and can't charge premium for non-seasonal products making it uncompetitive against traditional agriculture.
Also, if you depend on sunlight, you can't grow all year around and can't charge premium for non-seasonal products making it uncompetitive against traditional agriculture.
You can guide sunlight anywhere you want, it's still the same amount of energy for the footprint (disregarding losses).
The "vertical" in "vertical farming" solves a non-problem, for the most part. We have more than enough farm land.
The "vertical" in "vertical farming" solves a non-problem, for the most part. We have more than enough farm land.
I don't think it is the lack of land in general that they are trying to solve. They are trying to solve that there's no land close to the consumers. Growing close to the consumers means fresher vegetables, less environmental impact from transports and making it possible to grow spieces that don't handle transport well.
It is very hard to commercially beat the Dutch greenhouses, which for decades have been the most efficient method of providing food both in summer and winter.
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2017/09/holland-... is an interesting read on their farming.
The thing to compare vertical farms to is their horizontal greenhouse equivalents which are also closed systems with very high levels of control and yield per land area.
Once you do that, the balance is basically between the greater capital and power costs of vertical farms vs being closer to urban markets.
Transport is cheap so that never works out in favour of vertical.
Also, developing countries with low agricultural yields would adopt technologies like drip irrigation, better fertiliser and pesticide management before greenhouses and greenhouse before vertical farms.
Once you do that, the balance is basically between the greater capital and power costs of vertical farms vs being closer to urban markets.
Transport is cheap so that never works out in favour of vertical.
Also, developing countries with low agricultural yields would adopt technologies like drip irrigation, better fertiliser and pesticide management before greenhouses and greenhouse before vertical farms.
In addition to cost of lighting, I've found that the cost of hydroponic fertilizer is also too high, at least for small growers buying it premixed. I've successfully grown hydroponic tomatoes following standard guidelines, and found that the cost of the fertilizer is roughly equal to the value of the tomatoes harvested.
Gravity is definitely the biggest obstacle to growing vertically, it takes a lot of capital to overcome gravity.
I'm on a small farm with some buildings but I have no desire to grow indoors, there is an abundance of soil and light outdoors, my customers buy the type of food grown outdoors, the environmental impact is probably always going to be less, and vertical growing is only suited for a small amount crops.
We can't feed people from vertical farms because they do not grow the types of food people eat the majority of, mostly cereal grains. Tomatoes, potatoes and larger vegetables are not viable so we're limited to salad greens, herbs, wheat grass ect.
I'm on a small farm with some buildings but I have no desire to grow indoors, there is an abundance of soil and light outdoors, my customers buy the type of food grown outdoors, the environmental impact is probably always going to be less, and vertical growing is only suited for a small amount crops.
We can't feed people from vertical farms because they do not grow the types of food people eat the majority of, mostly cereal grains. Tomatoes, potatoes and larger vegetables are not viable so we're limited to salad greens, herbs, wheat grass ect.
There was a really interesting link on a related subject a while back where they were using solar concentration to generate heat, power and desalination for use by the attached greenhouse. To me that's a much more impressive use of technology.
Edit: I think this was it http://www.sundropfarms.com/sundrop-system/
Edit: I think this was it http://www.sundropfarms.com/sundrop-system/
Surely a significant part of the problem is subsidies for entrenched, petroleum centric, industrial agriculture.
Subsidising already successful business as usual corporations has got to make improvements through external disruption extremely difficult.
Subsidising already successful business as usual corporations has got to make improvements through external disruption extremely difficult.
My take is that more complex cultures need a symbiotic relationship with bacteria, fungi and insects to thrive.
We are a commercial agricultural producer using polyhouses in southern India; we have couple of playhouses so I am well aware of the nuances.
polyhouses and any other associated with these like vertical farm,hydrophonics etc are firstly suited for specific set of plants.
Not all plants and veggies can be grown , some plants cannot be grown inside polyhouses at all, i would say almost 70 % of veggies which are mass consumed can never be grown in polyhouses,hydrophonics etc.
Just think of all the veggies you had today or yesterday and you will easily understand these cannot be grown in polyhouses let alone hydrophonics.
there is no doubt significant increase in production, compared to outdoor farming. These are because of various factors. The main factors are we allow the plant to grow suitably thereby maximizing required production.
For example in a capsicum polyhouse, there are nets which help the plant to climb, and almost everything is supplied to the plant on more than required basis.
The capsicum plant is allowed minimal leaves so that max nutrition is allowed for the capsicum alone and not for the plant leaves etc. You can think of it it like a kid with a silver spoon, these plants get everything in return for capsisum and capsicum alone. ( who cares abt capsicum leaves BTW )
Secondly The price of capsicum is not determined by the buyer nor the producer , its determined by some trader who is totally unknown. This unknown person gets to decide on the price.
You the end customer nor the farmer has any say in determining the price. This is especially difficult when the output is perishable. The farmer has to sell it at whatever the price which is offered or else his produce will rot. When you grow a bumper crop its all the more difficult to find that many no of traders , transport etc. Selling 1 Ton itself is difficult enough, imagine the complexity when you have 10 tons from the same farm. You would need more resources to manage everything. The trader will never offer the same rate as he would have offered for 1 ton since he knows very well that you would never be able to sell 10 tons.
No country has the ways and means to distribute all the produce effectively across to its citizens.
The problems with polyhouses compound when other methods are introduced ( think hydrophonics,aerophonics,vertical farming etc), There is no economics involved in these.
Unless you do it as a passion. its never profitable to grow brocolli or lettuice in hydrophonics. The trader will never give you the right price if you have an huge quantity.
Its very easy to say brocolli sells for $X and we can do this and that and reduce it by $y in reality no one can control every aspect of the food chain.
Isreal does it becuase of its limited land availabilty , not with the case of India ,china and USA.
I am not sure if I had explained the whole correctly but Hydroponics + etc is only a hobby never commercially viable.
polyhouses and any other associated with these like vertical farm,hydrophonics etc are firstly suited for specific set of plants.
Not all plants and veggies can be grown , some plants cannot be grown inside polyhouses at all, i would say almost 70 % of veggies which are mass consumed can never be grown in polyhouses,hydrophonics etc.
Just think of all the veggies you had today or yesterday and you will easily understand these cannot be grown in polyhouses let alone hydrophonics.
there is no doubt significant increase in production, compared to outdoor farming. These are because of various factors. The main factors are we allow the plant to grow suitably thereby maximizing required production.
For example in a capsicum polyhouse, there are nets which help the plant to climb, and almost everything is supplied to the plant on more than required basis.
The capsicum plant is allowed minimal leaves so that max nutrition is allowed for the capsicum alone and not for the plant leaves etc. You can think of it it like a kid with a silver spoon, these plants get everything in return for capsisum and capsicum alone. ( who cares abt capsicum leaves BTW )
Secondly The price of capsicum is not determined by the buyer nor the producer , its determined by some trader who is totally unknown. This unknown person gets to decide on the price.
You the end customer nor the farmer has any say in determining the price. This is especially difficult when the output is perishable. The farmer has to sell it at whatever the price which is offered or else his produce will rot. When you grow a bumper crop its all the more difficult to find that many no of traders , transport etc. Selling 1 Ton itself is difficult enough, imagine the complexity when you have 10 tons from the same farm. You would need more resources to manage everything. The trader will never offer the same rate as he would have offered for 1 ton since he knows very well that you would never be able to sell 10 tons.
No country has the ways and means to distribute all the produce effectively across to its citizens.
The problems with polyhouses compound when other methods are introduced ( think hydrophonics,aerophonics,vertical farming etc), There is no economics involved in these.
Unless you do it as a passion. its never profitable to grow brocolli or lettuice in hydrophonics. The trader will never give you the right price if you have an huge quantity.
Its very easy to say brocolli sells for $X and we can do this and that and reduce it by $y in reality no one can control every aspect of the food chain.
Isreal does it becuase of its limited land availabilty , not with the case of India ,china and USA.
I am not sure if I had explained the whole correctly but Hydroponics + etc is only a hobby never commercially viable.
> Why is this not feeding developing countries?
Because that is not the problem, the problem is neocolonialism/imperialism the highest stage of capitalism[1].
1. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism,_the_Highest_Sta...
Because that is not the problem, the problem is neocolonialism/imperialism the highest stage of capitalism[1].
1. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism,_the_Highest_Sta...
I can see how this is true of fast food, motor vehicles and electronics, not necessarily fresh produce. A South African winefarm can only make South African wine in South Africa. Coca-cola and Heineken can (and do) make their product the world over, wherever it is consumed.
If anything, vertical farming should be able to produce the consistent "big mac" equivalent of the tomato/lettuce/potato?
Am I incorrect in the sentiment of the capitalist argument here?
If anything, vertical farming should be able to produce the consistent "big mac" equivalent of the tomato/lettuce/potato?
Am I incorrect in the sentiment of the capitalist argument here?
Amartya Sen's Nobel-prize-winning work on famine is probably the best read here. He points out that the problem is rarely lack of food, but lack of claim on food. People end up unable to afford it, no matter how cheap it might be. "Solutions" which involve heavy capital investment and depend on imported items aren't going to make it cheaper.
It's even possible to end up with situations where food is destroyed because it cannot economically be sold, while people are also starving. This is not about food but about power.
It's even possible to end up with situations where food is destroyed because it cannot economically be sold, while people are also starving. This is not about food but about power.
Started reading their essay. This is incredibly interesting, I was not aware of this.
Glad to be of service!
If you want another possibly transformational read, Hernando De Soto's The Other Path has a lot of interesting things to say about rule of law and property rights.
If you want another possibly transformational read, Hernando De Soto's The Other Path has a lot of interesting things to say about rule of law and property rights.
If wealth overall is being drained from the country that depletes the stock of resources that would otherwise have been reinvested locally in industry and agriculture. A simplification, of course, but the principle applies.
Yes, I can definitely agree with this.
Except he turned out to be wrong.
I don't see a single prediction in the summary that isn't spot on about current affairs.
It misses out the service economy.
Yes you can point to cobalt being extracted in Africa or wherever. But that misses out the money being made in finance. It misses the Googles making billions from advertising.
Look at the richest GDP per capita countries [1]
Luxembourgs wealth isnt based on digging rocks out the ground.
[1] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(no...
Yes you can point to cobalt being extracted in Africa or wherever. But that misses out the money being made in finance. It misses the Googles making billions from advertising.
Look at the richest GDP per capita countries [1]
Luxembourgs wealth isnt based on digging rocks out the ground.
[1] https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(no...
> It misses out the service economy.
No it doesn't, labor aristocracy is literally one of the predictions on the summary.
> But that misses out the money being made in finance. It misses the Googles making billions from advertising.
None of those produce anything, they are entirely dependent on actual production.
> Look at the richest GDP per capita countries [1]
GDP per capita is just the GDP divided by population, and GDP itself is not necessarily about production at all.
No it doesn't, labor aristocracy is literally one of the predictions on the summary.
> But that misses out the money being made in finance. It misses the Googles making billions from advertising.
None of those produce anything, they are entirely dependent on actual production.
> Look at the richest GDP per capita countries [1]
GDP per capita is just the GDP divided by population, and GDP itself is not necessarily about production at all.
We still have farms, most economies aren't regarded as agrarian as most of the money is made elsewhere.
"None of those produce anything, they are entirely dependent on actual production"
They might not produce something physical, but then neither does a musician, or a writer. They're a part of the economy though, my entire point is that your link ignores non physical bits of the economy, but that is now the dominant part of the economy, so the theory is at least outdated.
"GDP per capita is just the GDP divided by population, and GDP itself is not necessarily about production at all"
How would you like to measure production then? Cars per person? Per nation? Is a Tata equivalent to Ferrari?
I know what GDP per capita is, that's why I used it, have you got any particular reason why I should be using absolute GDP figures?
"None of those produce anything, they are entirely dependent on actual production"
They might not produce something physical, but then neither does a musician, or a writer. They're a part of the economy though, my entire point is that your link ignores non physical bits of the economy, but that is now the dominant part of the economy, so the theory is at least outdated.
"GDP per capita is just the GDP divided by population, and GDP itself is not necessarily about production at all"
How would you like to measure production then? Cars per person? Per nation? Is a Tata equivalent to Ferrari?
I know what GDP per capita is, that's why I used it, have you got any particular reason why I should be using absolute GDP figures?
> They might not produce something physical, but then neither does a musician, or a writer.
No I mean they do not literally produce anything. A musician or writer produces music or writings. An ad is like a mudpie, nobody wants it. Does ads maximize profits in capitalist economy? Yes but that requires the assumption of capitalist economy. In real terms it is pure overhead and does not achieve any social or environmental need. If you need ads to buy something you don't need it by definition.
> They're a part of the economy though, my entire point is that your link ignores non physical bits of the economy, but that is now the dominant part of the economy, so the theory is at least outdated.
No actual production is the dominant part of the real economy, but money hides it because imperialism allows super explotation where the real producers are paid virtually nothing compared to the value produced. E.g. 1000 trillion worth of value is bought at 2 trillion. You cannot at the same time acknowledge the exploitation and think that some bullshit rent-seeking is what is producing most value in economy.
> I know what GDP per capita is, that's why I used it, have you got any particular reason why I should be using absolute GDP figures?
You should not be using GDP or any monetary value at all to measure anything real. Behind it is the assumption that money is same as social or environmental value, but the relationship is often not there or inversed.
No I mean they do not literally produce anything. A musician or writer produces music or writings. An ad is like a mudpie, nobody wants it. Does ads maximize profits in capitalist economy? Yes but that requires the assumption of capitalist economy. In real terms it is pure overhead and does not achieve any social or environmental need. If you need ads to buy something you don't need it by definition.
> They're a part of the economy though, my entire point is that your link ignores non physical bits of the economy, but that is now the dominant part of the economy, so the theory is at least outdated.
No actual production is the dominant part of the real economy, but money hides it because imperialism allows super explotation where the real producers are paid virtually nothing compared to the value produced. E.g. 1000 trillion worth of value is bought at 2 trillion. You cannot at the same time acknowledge the exploitation and think that some bullshit rent-seeking is what is producing most value in economy.
> I know what GDP per capita is, that's why I used it, have you got any particular reason why I should be using absolute GDP figures?
You should not be using GDP or any monetary value at all to measure anything real. Behind it is the assumption that money is same as social or environmental value, but the relationship is often not there or inversed.
" An ad is like a mudpie, nobody wants it."
Except the people who pay for them. Google isnt some tech unicorn which might make money one day, it's one of the biggest companies in the world, it's one of the biggest companies in the world because it sells a valuable service.
"1000 trillion worth of value is bought at 2 trillion"
Who decides that? Someone is more than welcome to come along and pay 3 trillion. And looking at it from the other side am I being exploited for paying 1000 trillion for 2 trillion worth of goods? Why don't I go to the producer directly? What's a reasonable price? Am I being exploited when I buy an iphone? It's twice the price as an android phone for the same amount of material?
The fact is that the west at least is immensely wealthier than the 1800s and most of us don't build anything anymore. The most practical job I've had is serving drinks, which isnt exactly making things, and the chances are, you don't make anything either.
"No actual production is the dominant part of the real economy"
"You should not be using GDP or any monetary value at all to measure anything real. Behind it is the assumption that money is same as social or environmental value"
If you want to talk about the real economy, I'm going to (legitimately) talk about GDP. If you want to talk about some softer measure then fine let me know what that is, and I will bet now Luxembourg does better than the average.
Except the people who pay for them. Google isnt some tech unicorn which might make money one day, it's one of the biggest companies in the world, it's one of the biggest companies in the world because it sells a valuable service.
"1000 trillion worth of value is bought at 2 trillion"
Who decides that? Someone is more than welcome to come along and pay 3 trillion. And looking at it from the other side am I being exploited for paying 1000 trillion for 2 trillion worth of goods? Why don't I go to the producer directly? What's a reasonable price? Am I being exploited when I buy an iphone? It's twice the price as an android phone for the same amount of material?
The fact is that the west at least is immensely wealthier than the 1800s and most of us don't build anything anymore. The most practical job I've had is serving drinks, which isnt exactly making things, and the chances are, you don't make anything either.
"No actual production is the dominant part of the real economy"
"You should not be using GDP or any monetary value at all to measure anything real. Behind it is the assumption that money is same as social or environmental value"
If you want to talk about the real economy, I'm going to (legitimately) talk about GDP. If you want to talk about some softer measure then fine let me know what that is, and I will bet now Luxembourg does better than the average.
Well that posits the certain existence of an alternative global economic system that would ensure everyone got fed. So while it might be accurate to say that "neocolonialism/imperialism at the highest stage of capitalism" is a system under which people's basic needs are not met, it can't be accurate to say it is "the problem".
> Well that posits the certain existence of an alternative global economic system that would ensure everyone got fed
The problem isn't that there isn't such a system the problem is how to implement the system without people who benefit from current system trying to destroy it. But we can extrapolate from the fact that even in the most ridiculously unfair conditions such systems have managed to feed people far better than any capitalist country in same or even comparable conditions.
The problem isn't that there isn't such a system the problem is how to implement the system without people who benefit from current system trying to destroy it. But we can extrapolate from the fact that even in the most ridiculously unfair conditions such systems have managed to feed people far better than any capitalist country in same or even comparable conditions.
Pretty ironic, given that Soviet Russia ended up far more imperialistic than any so-called capitalist nation.
I don't know what that has to do with anything. But it's interesting that you think Soviet Union had megacorporations exploiting other countries for superprofits and did it even better than current megacorporations.
Soviets didn't have megacorps, they (that is soviet government) were just forcing Eastern Block countries to provide food, clothes and whatever they could produce paying for that with fake currency called "transfer ruble" that could have been exchanged for Soviet tanks or guns.
That's why Eastern Block suffered from food and other daily usage products shortage. In fact Russians suffered the same due to massive waste, economy inefficiencies, continuous arm race with the West and madman project like White Sea-Baltic channel (Belomorkanal), agriculture "inventions" by Lysenko and thousands of similarly idiotic ideas.
That's why Eastern Block suffered from food and other daily usage products shortage. In fact Russians suffered the same due to massive waste, economy inefficiencies, continuous arm race with the West and madman project like White Sea-Baltic channel (Belomorkanal), agriculture "inventions" by Lysenko and thousands of similarly idiotic ideas.
You may then be surprised to hear that the word "imperialism" has a meaning that does not imply capitalism or corporations of any form:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism
I searched the article and the word capitalism appears 13 times on it so it's hard to see how it doesn't refute your own claim. Also capitalism implies imperialism, not the other way around.
Maybe you should have read the article instead, or at least the introductory paragraph, which states:
"Imperialism was both normal and common worldwide throughout recorded history, the earliest examples dating from the mid-third millennium BC, diminishing only in the late 20th century."
I am not aware of any capitalists or corporations predating the Iron Age, but perhaps you can enlighten me there.
> Also capitalism implies imperialism, not the other way around.
I would disagree that capitalism implies imperialism, but let's put that aside. My claim was exactly that imperialism doesn't imply capitalism, so I guess we agree on that? Non-implication is not exclusion, mind you. The Soviet Union was imperialist, but not capitalist.
Having said, that, I'm sure there is a fruitless debate to be had with those Trotzkists that would claim that the Soviet Union was imperialist, capitalist and fascist[1].
[1] https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ncm-3/iwk-ussr.htm
"Imperialism was both normal and common worldwide throughout recorded history, the earliest examples dating from the mid-third millennium BC, diminishing only in the late 20th century."
I am not aware of any capitalists or corporations predating the Iron Age, but perhaps you can enlighten me there.
> Also capitalism implies imperialism, not the other way around.
I would disagree that capitalism implies imperialism, but let's put that aside. My claim was exactly that imperialism doesn't imply capitalism, so I guess we agree on that? Non-implication is not exclusion, mind you. The Soviet Union was imperialist, but not capitalist.
Having said, that, I'm sure there is a fruitless debate to be had with those Trotzkists that would claim that the Soviet Union was imperialist, capitalist and fascist[1].
[1] https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ncm-3/iwk-ussr.htm
Progress seems to slow to me. Why isn't this more prevalent? Why aren't hydroponics in general more prolific? Why is this not feeding developing countries?
- [1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LEx6K4P4GJc
- [2] https://boweryfarming.com/